“…For instance, tension has been studied extensively in music (melodic: Granot & Eitan, 2011 ; Bigand & Parncutt, 1999 , vocal: McKenna & Stepp, 2018 ), but it is a complex phenomenon to quantify and its validity as an indirect measure of effort is not well-justified in literature. Laban’s effort ideas have proven valuable for developing computational methods and have laid the foundations for the majority of work on the analysis (Glowinski et al, 2017 ; Fdili Alaoui et al, 2017 ; Broughton & Davidson, 2014 ; Maes et al, 2014 ; Camurri et al, 2009 ; Petersen, 2008 ) and synthesis (Volpe, 2003 ; Zhao, 2001 ) of movement in music, as well as the development of interactive systems for music and dance (Souza & Freire, 2017 ; Françoise et al, 2014 ; Maes et al, 2010 ; Bennett et al, 2007 ). However, his ideas have limited potential for developing explicit quantitative measures, and in the abovementioned computational methods Laban’s effort qualities are only indirectly estimated by extracting features that are usually evaluated as relevant to the concept of effort by observers.…”