Bone Reconstruction Using Two-Layer Porcine-Derived Bone Scaffold Composed of Cortical and Cancellous Bones in a Rabbit Calvarial Defect Model

Abstract

In this study, we aimed to investigate the bone regeneration efficiency of two-layer porcine-derived bone scaffolds composed of cancellous and cortical bones in a rabbit calvarial defect model. Four circular calvaria defects were formed on cranium of rabbit and were filled with block bone scaffolds of each group: cortical bone block (Cortical group), cancellous bone block (Cancellous group), and two-layer bone block (2layer group). After 8 weeks, new bones were primarily observed in cancellous parts of the Cancellous and 2layer groups, while the Cortical group exhibited few new bones. In the results of new bone volume and area analyses, the Cancellous group showed the highest value, followed by the 2layer group, and were significantly higher than the Cortical group. Within the limitations of this study, the cancellous and two-layer porcine-derived bone scaffolds showed satisfactory bone regeneration efficiency; further studies on regulating the ratio of cortical and cancellous bones in two-layer bones are needed.

Neoantigens: promising targets for cancer therapy

“…Thus, non-synonymous SNPs in mtDNA may yield a substantial quantity of mutant peptides, offering an additional source of neoantigens. [49][50][51] INDELs INDEL mutations are mainly caused by the insertion or deletion of base pairs in the genome, which frequently lead to nonsynonymous novel ORFs, also known as frameshift mutations. 27,52 Frameshift INDELs can generate more types of neoantigens with increased MHC-I binding affinity, suggesting a higher immunogenic mutation type compared to SNVs (Table 2).…”

Customized 3D‐printed heterogeneous porous titanium scaffolds for bone tissue engineering

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