Border Security: Defining it is the Real Challenge

Abstract

The main aim of the work is to assess physical parameters of forest woodchips and their impact on the prices achieved by the supplier in transactions with a power plant. During fragmentation of logging residue, high content of green matter and contaminants negatively impacts the quality parameters that serve as basis for settlements. The analysis concerns data on the main parameters -water content, fuel value, sulphur and ash content -from 252 days of deliveries of forest chips to a power plant. The deliveries were realised from forested areas on an average about 340 km from the plant. Average water content and the resultant fuel value of forest chips was within 27-47% and 8.7-12.9 GJ×Mg −1 (appropriately), respectively. They depend on the month in which they are delivered to the power plant. The threshold values for the above-mentioned parameters are set by the plant at a real level and the suppliers have no problems with meeting them. The parameter that is most frequently exceeded is ash content (11.5% of cases). The settlement system does not differentiate on the basis of the transport distance but gives possibility to lower the settlement price when the quality parameters are not met but provides no reward for deliveries with parameters better than the average ones. On the basis of results obtained, it was calculated that average annual settlement price is lower than the contract price by about 0.20 PLN×GJ −1 , which in case of the analysed company may translate into an average daily loss of about 700 PLN.

The Pandemic Challenges for Traditional Communities at the Cross-Border Post Areas of the Republic of Indonesia-Papua New Guinea

“…From a state-centric viewpoint, border security refers to the measures implemented by a government to manage and regulate the movement of people, goods, and information across its borders. Its primary objective is to safeguard the country's sovereignty, national security, public safety, and economic interests (Salter 2005;Manjarrez 2015). In a broader and more humane sense, border security is understood as the safety of life support systems and the lack of risks to people's lives and activities in border regions (Côté-Boucher et al 2014).…”

Security Risk Analysis as a Strategic Counterterrorism Tool for National Security: The Case of Frontex Common Integrated Risk Analysis Model (CIRAM)

“…In addition, the Schengen Zone consists of the EU Member States and Schengen-associated countries that share common external borders. For maintaining the integrity of the Schengen area it is crucial to ensure the security and effectiveness of the borders (Manjarrez, 2015;Oliveira Martins et al, 2022).…”

Role of Armed Police Force, Nepal in Promoting Good Governance through Border Security

“…It is evident that abuse of drugs and alcohol is costly for our society and, left untreated, places a burden on our workplace, our healthcare system, and our communities. So, the trafficking of a drug is becoming a virus in our society (Held & McGrew, 2003;Manjarrez, 2015;Tanzi, 1980). Due to the involvement of youths in the consumption of drugs, it is becoming more challenging for society and government which directly undermines the principles of good governance.…”

“…Border security is a broad agenda of National Security (Manjarrez, 2015). Globally, security along countries' borders has become imperative because the relative security of every country to a large extent depends on its secured borders (Ejotubu & Jude, 2021).…”

“…It assures that corruption is minimized, it is also responsive to the present and future needs of society (UNESCAP, 2019). Manjarrez (2015) has identified different indicators of good governance for such acivities as maintaining the national integrity, independence, and sovereignty are the indicators of good governance which strongly depend on the degree of border security of the country. Furthermore, Reif (2000) emphasized on free market economic system, democratic government structures, and the rule of law.…”