Box–Behnken Design (BBD)-Based Optimization of Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Parthenolide from the Stems of Tarconanthus camphoratus and Cytotoxic Analysis
Abstract:Parthenolide, a strong cytotoxic compound found in different parts of Tarchonanthus camphoratus which motivated the authors to develop an optimized microwave-assisted extraction (MEA) method using Box–Behnken design (BBD) for efficient extraction of parthenolide from the stem of T. camphoratus and its validation by high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and cytotoxic analysis. The optimized parameters for microwave extraction were determined as: 51.5 °C extraction temperature, 50.8 min extraction t… Show more
“…Parthenolide P = 211 W, T = 51.8 • C, t = 50.8 min, sample = 1 g, methanol [46] Tabernacemontana Species Camptothecin P = 490 W, t = 5 min, sample/solvent = 0.05, water, (domestic microwave oven) [21].…”
Section: Tarconanthus Camphoratus Stemsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Capital costs for closed vessel systems are high compared with traditional extraction methods. Applications for HPTLC analysis are limited so far to botanicals and are summarized in Table 3 [21–23, 45, 46]. In most cases, open vessels using domestic microwave ovens were used, which fail to take full advantage of the possibilities of MASE.…”
High‐performance thin‐layer chromatography has favorable properties for high‐throughput separations with a high matrix tolerance. Sample preparation, however, is sometimes required to control specific matrix interferences and to enhance the detectability of target compounds. Trends in contemporary applications have shifted from absorbance and fluorescence detection to methods employing bioassays and mass spectrometry. Traditional methods (shake‐flask, heat at reflux, Soxhlet, and hydrodistillation) are being challenged by automated instrumental approaches (ultrasound‐assisted and microwave‐assisted solvent extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction) and the quick, easy cheap, efficient, rugged, and safe extraction method for faster and streamlined sample processing. Liquid‐liquid extraction remains the most widely used approach for sample clean‐up with increasing competition from solid‐phase extraction. On‐layer sample, clean‐up by planar solid‐phase extraction is increasingly used for complex samples and in combination with heart‐cut multimodal systems. The automated spray‐on sample applicator, the elution head interface, biological detection of target and non‐target compounds, and straightforward mass spectrometric detection are highlighted as the main factors directing current interest toward faster and simpler sample workflows, analysis of more complex samples, and the determination of minor contaminants requiring high concentration factors.
“…Parthenolide P = 211 W, T = 51.8 • C, t = 50.8 min, sample = 1 g, methanol [46] Tabernacemontana Species Camptothecin P = 490 W, t = 5 min, sample/solvent = 0.05, water, (domestic microwave oven) [21].…”
Section: Tarconanthus Camphoratus Stemsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Capital costs for closed vessel systems are high compared with traditional extraction methods. Applications for HPTLC analysis are limited so far to botanicals and are summarized in Table 3 [21–23, 45, 46]. In most cases, open vessels using domestic microwave ovens were used, which fail to take full advantage of the possibilities of MASE.…”
High‐performance thin‐layer chromatography has favorable properties for high‐throughput separations with a high matrix tolerance. Sample preparation, however, is sometimes required to control specific matrix interferences and to enhance the detectability of target compounds. Trends in contemporary applications have shifted from absorbance and fluorescence detection to methods employing bioassays and mass spectrometry. Traditional methods (shake‐flask, heat at reflux, Soxhlet, and hydrodistillation) are being challenged by automated instrumental approaches (ultrasound‐assisted and microwave‐assisted solvent extraction, pressurized liquid extraction, and supercritical fluid extraction) and the quick, easy cheap, efficient, rugged, and safe extraction method for faster and streamlined sample processing. Liquid‐liquid extraction remains the most widely used approach for sample clean‐up with increasing competition from solid‐phase extraction. On‐layer sample, clean‐up by planar solid‐phase extraction is increasingly used for complex samples and in combination with heart‐cut multimodal systems. The automated spray‐on sample applicator, the elution head interface, biological detection of target and non‐target compounds, and straightforward mass spectrometric detection are highlighted as the main factors directing current interest toward faster and simpler sample workflows, analysis of more complex samples, and the determination of minor contaminants requiring high concentration factors.
“…Box-Behnken design has three levels and needs fewer experiments. Their operating cost is lower than that of central composite structures with the same number of factors, and they are widely used by researchers [ 17 , 18 ].…”
An antibiotic produced by Paenibacillus polymyxa 7F1 was studied. The 7F1 strain was isolated from the rhizosphere of a wheat field. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the physicochemical parameters. The strain showed broad-spectrum activity against several plant pathogens. Identification of the strain was realized based on 16s rRNA gene and gyrB gene sequencing. The antibiotic was optimized by one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) and response surface methodology (RSM) approaches. The suitable antibiotic production conditions were optimized using the one-factor-at-a-time method. The individual and interaction effects of three independent variables: culture temperature, initial pH, and culture time, were optimized by Box-Behnken design. The 16SrRNA gene sequence (1239 nucleotides) and gyrB gene (1111 nucleotides) were determined for strain 7F1 and shared the highest identities to those of Paenibacillus polymyxa. The results showed the optimal fermentation conditions for antibiotics produced by Paenibacillus polymyxa 7F1 were a culture temperature of 38 °C, initial pH of 8.0, and culture time of 8 h. The antibiotics produced by Paenibacillus polymyxa 7F1 include lipopeptides such as iturin A and surfactin. The results provide a theoretical basis for the development of bacteriostatic biological agents and the control of mycotoxins.
“… 1 Initially, conventional extraction methods using chloroform and petroleum ether were performed to extract PTL; various extraction methods have been developed, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), Soxhlet extraction, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). 1 , 2 Figure 1 Chemical structure of PTL and DMAPT. …”
Plant-derived sesquiterpene lactones are promising natural sources for the discovery of anti-cancer drugs. As an extensively studied sesquiterpene lactone, the tumor suppression effect of parthenolide (PTL) has been clarified by targeting a number of prominent signaling pathways and key protein regulators in carcinogenesis. Notably, PTL was also the first small molecule reported to eradicate cancer stem cells. Nevertheless, the clinical application of PTL as an antitumor agent remains limited, owing to some disadvantages such as low water solubility and poor bioavailability. Thus, nanomedicine has attracted much interest because of its great potential for transporting poorly soluble drugs to desired body sites. In view of the significant advantages over their free small-molecule counterparts, nanoparticle delivery systems appear to be a potential solution for addressing the delivery of hydrophobic drugs, including PTL. In this review, we summarized the key anticancer mechanisms underlined by PTL as well as engineered PTL nanoparticles synthesized to date. Therefore, PTL nanoformulations could be an alternative strategy to maximize the therapeutic value of PTL.
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