Brain activity changes following neuroproprioceptive "facilitation, inhibition" physiotherapy in multiple sclerosis: a parallel group randomized comparison of two approaches

Neuroplasticity and Motor Rehabilitation in Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review on MRI Markers of Functional and Structural Changes

“…The study designs were as follows: 10 randomized clinical trials (RCT) (Bonzano et al, 2014(Bonzano et al, , 2019Prosperini et al, 2014;Barghi et al, 2018;Kjolhede et al, 2018;Tavazzi et al, 2018;Rocca et al, 2019;Boffa et al, 2020;Prochazkova et al, 2020;Stellmann et al, 2020), plus 1 clinical RCT where the imaging component involved only one subgroup of the intervention arm (Fling et al, 2019). 7 non-randomized clinical trials [1 semi-RCT (Akbar et al, 2020), 2 case-control studies (CC) (Rasova et al, 2005;Ibrahim et al, 2011), 1 case series (CS) (Rasova et al, 2015), 1 parallel-group (PG) (Zuber et al, 2020), 1 self-controlled case series (SCCS) (Peran et al, 2020)].…”

“…With respect to patient characteristics, most studies recruited both RRMS and PMS (Bonzano et al, 2014(Bonzano et al, , 2019Prosperini et al, 2014;Rasova et al, 2015;Barghi et al, 2018;Tavazzi et al, 2018;Fling et al, 2019;Rocca et al, 2019;Akbar et al, 2020;Prochazkova et al, 2020;Zuber et al, 2020), 2 studies recruited only PMS (Boffa et al, 2020;Peran et al, 2020), 3 studies recruited exclusively RRMS (Ibrahim et al, 2011;Kjolhede et al, 2018;Stellmann et al, 2020), whereas disease phenotype was not reported for 1 study (Rasova et al, 2005).…”

“…Regarding the rehabilitative treatment, the setting was as follows: inpatient (IP, 3) (Tavazzi et al, 2018;Peran et al, 2020;Zuber et al, 2020), outpatient (OP, 4) (Rasova et al, 2005;Fling et al, 2019;Prochazkova et al, 2020;Stellmann et al, 2020), physiotherapist supervised without further information on the setting (7) (Ibrahim et al, 2011;Bonzano et al, 2014Bonzano et al, , 2019Rasova et al, 2015;Kjolhede et al, 2018;Rocca et al, 2019;Boffa In bold character are reported the outcome measures with a significant post-vs. pre-treatment effect. † Significant effect for the interventional group compared to the control group.…”

“…The weekly frequency of the physiotherapy sessions ranged from 1 to 6 days/week, and the total duration of the rehabilitative program ranged from 2 to 16 weeks. MRI was always acquired both before and at the end of the rehabilitative cycle, whereas in 5 studies there was also an additional MRI time-point, either within the cycle (Prosperini et al, 2014;Kjolhede et al, 2018), after 4 weeks (Akbar et al, 2020;Prochazkova et al, 2020), or after 3 months (Tavazzi et al, 2018). Among the 17 selected studies, 5 applied structural MRI [4 diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) (Ibrahim et al, 2011;Bonzano et al, 2014;Prosperini et al, 2014;Barghi et al, 2018), 1 volumetric measurements (Kjolhede et al, 2018)], 7 applied functional fMRI [5 task-related fMRI (Rasova et al, 2005;Bonzano et al, 2019;Peran et al, 2020;Prochazkova et al, 2020;Zuber et al, 2020)], 2 resting-state fMRI (Fling et al, 2019;Akbar et al, 2020) whereas the remaining 5 applied both structural and functional imaging (Rasova et al, 2015;Tavazzi et al, 2018;Rocca et al, 2019;Boffa et al, 2020;Stellmann et al, 2020).…”

“…The last six studies described results from multimodal rehabilitation, intended as exercises focused at improving motor functions of both upper and lower limb, as well as trunk balance (Rasova et al, 2005(Rasova et al, , 2012(Rasova et al, , 2015Akbar et al, 2020;Peran et al, 2020;Prochazkova et al, 2020;Zuber et al, 2020).…”