Brains for All the Ages

Richards, John E.; Xie, Wanze

doi:10.1016/bs.acdb.2014.11.001

Cited by 87 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 115 publications

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“…The use of individualized head and source models for each participant, based on MRI segmentation, has been shown to greatly improve source localization accuracy (Vorwerk et al, 2014; Cho et al, 2015). This is particularly important within a developmental context (Reynolds and Richards, 2009; Richards and Xie, 2015), given the changes that occur in neuroanatomy throughout development (Sowell et al, 1999a, 1999b; Gogtay et al, 2004; Blakemore and Choudhury, 2006). It should also be noted that a “distributed source model” approach to source localization, as opposed to a “dipole fitting” approach, is not influenced by a priori decisions about the number or location of possible sources generating the scalp-recorded ERP activity (Michel et al, 2004).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The registration matrix that resulted from registering the digitized anatomical fiducials was then used to transform the digitized electrode fiducials within MRI-space. In order to identify the locations of the remaining electrode locations within MRI-space, average electrode locations from age-appropriate average MRI templates (Richards and Xie, 2015; Richards et al, 2016) were used. The seven electrode fiducials that were now in MRI-space were registered to the corresponding electrode coordinates in the average electrode placement template using CPD.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is possible that previous investigations missed such effects, given the use of a “dipole fitting” procedure, in which the number and possible location of sources are strongly influenced by the decisions of the experimenter (for details, see Michel et al, 2004). Additionally, none of the previous developmental investigations employed realistic modeling of the brain and skull, a factor that can substantially influence source localization accuracy (Vorwerk et al, 2014; Cho et al, 2015), especially within a developmental context (Reynolds and Richards, 2009; Richards and Xie, 2015). …”

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confidence: 99%

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Development of the error-monitoring system from ages 9–35: Unique insight provided by MRI-constrained source localization of EEG

et al. 2017

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The ability to self-detect errors and dynamically adapt behavior is a cornerstone of higher-level cognition, requiring coordinated activity from a network of neural regions. However, disagreement exists over how the error-monitoring system develops throughout adolescence and early adulthood. The present report leveraged MRI-constrained EEG source localization to detail typical development of the error-monitoring system in a sample of 9–35 year-olds (n=43). Participants performed a flanker task while high-density EEG was recorded; structural MRIs were also acquired for all participants. Analysis of the scalp-recorded EEG data revealed a frontocentral negativity (error-related negativity; ERN) immediately following errors for all participants, although the topography of the ERN varied with age. Source localization of the ERN time range revealed maximal activity within the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) for all ages, consistent with recent evidence that the PCC provides a substantial contribution to the scalp-recorded ERN. Activity within a network of brain regions, including dorsal anterior cingulate, PCC, and parietal cortex, was predictive of improved performance following errors, regardless of age. However, additional activity within insula, orbitofrontal cortex and inferior frontal gyrus linearly increased with age. Together, these data suggest that the core error-monitoring system is online by early adolescence and remains relatively stable into adulthood. However, additional brain regions become embedded within this core network with age. These results serve as a model of typical development of the error-monitoring system from early adolescence into adulthood.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Development of the error-monitoring system from ages 9–35: Unique insight provided by MRI-constrained source localization of EEG

et al. 2017

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“…We used atlases from the Neurodevelopmental MRI Database (Fillmore et al, 2015;Richards and Xie, 2015;Richards et al, 2016) for all participants. The age of each participant was used to choose the appropriate atlas from the database.…”

Section: Forward Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modulating perceptual complexity and load reveals degradation of the visual working memory network in ageing

2017

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Previous neuroimaging studies have reported a posterior to anterior shift of activation in ageing (PASA). Here, we explore the nature of this shift by modulating load (1,2 or 3 items) and perceptual complexity in two variants of a visual working memory task (VWM): a 'simple' color and a 'complex' shape change detection task. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to record changes in activation in younger (N=24) and older adults (N=24). Older adults exhibited PASA by showing lesser activation in the posterior cortex and greater activation in the anterior cortex when compared to younger adults. Further, they showed reduced accuracy at loads 2 and 3 for the simple task and across all loads for the complex task. Activation in the posterior and anterior cortices was modulated differently for younger and older adults. In older adults, increasing load in the simple task was accompanied by decreasing activation in the posterior cortex and lack of modulation in the anterior cortex, suggesting the inability to encode and/or maintain representations without much aid from higher-order centers. In the complex task, older adults recruited verbal working memory areas in the posterior cortex, suggesting that they used adaptive strategies such as labelling the shape stimuli. This was accompanied by reduced activation in the anterior cortex reflecting the inability to exert top-down modulation to typical VWM areas in the posterior cortex to improve behavioral performance. IntroductionVisual working memory (VWM) is a short term storage system for visual information that is critical for at least two central aspects of cognition -for the comparison of percepts that cannot be simultaneously foveated and for identifying changes in the world when they occur (Luck and Vogel, 1997). As a result, VWM is central to adaptive functions such as navigation, driving, reading, and so on. Healthy VWM processing is critical throughout the human life span, and deficits in VWM processing have serious consequences for performance during early development and late adulthood.In healthy ageing, there are marked changes in this cognitive system. Decline in VWM is reported to start as early as in the fourth decade of life with a drop of 0.20 2 items per decade in both verbal and spatial working memory (Salthouse 1994). Although these data suggest a dramatic decline in working memory function, other factors might also play a role: factors such as deconditioning of physiological processes following inactivity, arthritis, and declining motor abilities can affect behavioral measures such as accuracy and reaction times. One way to move beyond motoric deficits is to investigate brain function alongside behavior in younger and older adults.Studies of WM using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) implicate a distributed cortical network that spans the frontal, parietal, and temporo-occipital cortices (Druzgal and D'Esposito, 2003;Learmonth et al., 2002;Linden et al., 2003;Ma et al., 2014;Pessoa and Ungerleider, 2004;Postle, 2015;R...

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“…Then, individual spectral content of the data during eyes open and eyes closed was calculated for each subject from the resting data. Furthermore, the child’s head position in the MEG helmet was visualized with the BrainStorm software (Tadel et al, 2011) using an MRI template for 6.5-year-olds (Evans, 2006; Sanchez et al, 2012; Richards and Xie, 2015; Richards et al, 2016). In addition, we calculated the amount of head movements (average translational and rotational speed) in the NO-TASK condition.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lack of Cortical Correlates of Response Inhibition in 6-Year-Olds Born Extremely Preterm – Evidence from a Go/NoGo Task in Magnetoencephalographic Recordings

Pihko

Lönnberg

Lauronen

et al. 2017

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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Children born extremely preterm (EPT) may have difficulties in response inhibition, but the neural basis of such problems is unknown. We recorded magnetoencephalography (MEG) during a somatosensory Go/NoGo task in 6-year-old children born EPT (n = 22) and in children born full term (FT; n = 21). The children received tactile stimuli randomly to their left little (target) and index (non-target) finger and were instructed to squeeze a soft toy with the opposite hand every time they felt a stimulus on the little finger. Behaviorally, the EPT children performed worse than the FT children, both in responding to the target finger stimulation and in refraining from responding to the non-target finger stimulation. In MEG, after the non-target finger stimulation (i.e., during the response inhibition), the sensorimotor alpha oscillation levels in the contralateral-to-squeeze hemisphere were elevated in the FT children when compared with a condition with corresponding stimulation but no task (instead the children were listening to a story and not attending to the fingers). This NoGo task effect was absent in the EPT children. Further, in the sensorimotor cortex contralateral to the tactile stimulation, the post-stimulus suppression was less pronounced in the EPT than FT children. We suggest that the missing NoGo task effect and lower suppression of sensorimotor oscillations are markers of deficient functioning of the sensorimotor networks in the EPT children.

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Brains for All the Ages

Cited by 87 publications

References 115 publications

Development of the error-monitoring system from ages 9–35: Unique insight provided by MRI-constrained source localization of EEG

Development of the error-monitoring system from ages 9–35: Unique insight provided by MRI-constrained source localization of EEG

Modulating perceptual complexity and load reveals degradation of the visual working memory network in ageing

Lack of Cortical Correlates of Response Inhibition in 6-Year-Olds Born Extremely Preterm – Evidence from a Go/NoGo Task in Magnetoencephalographic Recordings

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