“…Traditional analytical solutions, such as the advection-diffusion equation (ADE), have been proposed to describe contaminant transport, but their application is often limited in practical engineering sites due to the complex hydrogeological conditions encountered (Peng et al, 2020;Sanskrityayn et al, 2018;Xie et al, 2018;Yan et al, 2021). As a result, numerical simulation studies have gained popularity for analysing the migration of pollutants within vertical barrier and aquifer systems (Golmohammadi et al, 2016;Jafari et al, 2021;Matiatos et al, 2019;Shu et al, 2023;Touze-Foltz et al, 2021). For instance, Kumar analysed and compared several groundwater transport simulation software and proposed requirements for determining specific simulation studies and collecting/ monitoring necessary data (Kumar, 2015).…”