Breast Milk Substitute: A Bacteriological Study

Willis, A. T.; Bullen, C. L.; Williams, Kathleen; Fagg, C. G.; Bourne, Audrey; Vignon, Marie

doi:10.1136/bmj.4.5884.67

Cited by 58 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The specimens were seeded onto a variety of sets of freshly prepared selective and non-selective media which included: blood agar (BA; Columbia Agar base 310 Bacterial flora of premature neonates 311 (Oxoid) with 7.500 human blood), MacConkey Agar (Oxoid), mannitol-salt agar (Oxoid), BM kanamycin-vancomycin agar (Holbrook, Ogston & Ross, 1978) (Willis et al 1973), cycloserine cefoxitin egg fructose agar (CCFA ;George et al 1979), cooked meat broth, brain heart infusion broth (Oxoid) and thioglycollate broth (Oxoid).…”

Section: Culture Of Specimensmentioning

confidence: 99%

The development of bacterial flora of premature neonates

Rotimi¹,

Olowe

Ahmed

1985

J. Hyg.

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SUMMARYThe sequential acquisition of bacterial flora by premature neonates was studied during a 10 month period. Mean gestational age of the babies was 29-01 weeks and the mean birth weight was 1P728 kg. Escherichia coli and group B streptococci (GBS) colonized the umbilicus of 7 and 6 babies respectively, out of 23 studied, on the first day of life. E. coli and staphylococci were the predominant flora on the 6th day and they colonized 12 and 13 respectively. The oral flora was predominantly Gram-positive cocci, mainly Streptoccocus salivarius which was isolated from 17 out of 22 babies on the 6th day, viridians streptococci were isolated from 14 babies, Staphylococcus albus from 16 babies and group D streptococci from 11 babies. Candida spp. also colonized the oral cavities of 17 out of 22 babies on the 6th day. At the end of the first week of life, the faecal flora was predominantly anaerobic represented by Bifidobacterium spp., Bacterioides spp. and Clostridium spp. The commonest facultative faecal flora were E. coli, which was isolated from all the babies, and Strept. faecalis isolated from 20 babies. Early gut colonization by GBS, Bacteroides spp. and Clostridium spp. was noticed in more babies delivered vaginally than by caesarean section where colonization by these bacteria was relatively delayed. The use of prophylactic penicillin plus gentamicin in the special neonatal unit probably prevented systemic spread of any of the potential opportunistic pathogens during the study.

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Section: Culture Of Specimensmentioning

confidence: 99%

The development of bacterial flora of premature neonates

Rotimi¹,

Olowe

Ahmed

1985

J. Hyg.

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“…(Holbrook, Ogston and Ross, 1978); sucrose agar (Drasar, 1967); Reinforced Clostridial Medium (Oxoid) with 0.75% New Zealand agar and 0.1% cotton blue at pH 5.0 (Willis et al, 1973).…”

Section: Subjectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The development of the bacterial flora in normal neonates

Rotimi

Duerden

1981

Journal of Medical Microbiology

307

175

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SUMMARY.The development of the bacterial flora of neonates during the first week of life was studied in 23 babies. Specimens of meconium or faeces were collected and swabs taken from the umbilicus and mouth on days 1, 2, 3 and 6. The bacteria present were isolated on a variety of plain and selective media. The predominant faecal organisms by the end of the first week were anaerobes. Bifidobacteria were isolated from all the neonates and bacteroides and clostridia were isolated from 78.3%. Bifidobacteria and bacteroides were present in large numbers; other species were isolated in smaller numbers. Enterococci were isolated from all neonates, enterobacteria from 82.6%, anaerobic cocci from 52.2%, and streptococci and staphylococci from 34.8% each.Staphylococcus aureus was the predominant species isolated from the umbilicus; it was isolated from 21.7% of neonates on the first day rising to 87.0% by the sixth day and represented 49% of isolates from this site. S. albus, streptococci, enterococci and Escherichia coli were each isolated from a few neonates.Viridans streptococci (3 1 -4% of isolates) and Streptococcus salivarius (251%) were the commonest species recovered from the mouth. They were present from 8 h after birth; S. albus and Neisseria spp. were isolated later on the first day, and anaerobic species of Veillonella and Bijidobacterium appeared on the second day. INTRODUCTIONThe normal fetus is sterile until shortly before birth, as long as the amniotic membrane remains intact. After birth, the neonate rapidly acquires commensal bacteria that colonise the skin and mucous membranes. The host defence mechanisms are not well developed at this stage and some commensals may become opportunist pathogens, particularly in compromised neonates who must remain in hospital for the treatment of congenital abnormalities.The gastrointestinal 'tract is colonised soon after birth, mainly by facultative bacteria. Mata, Mejicanos and Jimenez (1 972), Bullen, Tearle and Willis (1 976) and Long and Swenson (1977) have shown that anaerobes colonise the neonatal gastrointestinal tract during the first week of life and are greater in number and variety than aerobes or facultative species. Subsequently, only ~ ~~

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“…Reports suggest that these infections are less common amongst the breast fed (Winberg & Wessner, 1971;Hanson & Winberg, 1972;Goldman & Smith, 1973). However, most studies on the faecal flora of infants involve either newborn infants in hospital (Michael, Ringenback & Hottenstein, 1971;Willis et al 1973;Bettelheim et at. 1974; Noy, Ayliffe & Linton, 1974; Gothefors, Olling & Winberg, 1975;Hewitt & Rigby, 1976) or older children at home (Moorhouse, 1969;Mata & Urrutia, 1971;Linton et al 1972;Ellis-Pagler, Crabtree & Lambert, 1975).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparative study of gram-negative aerobic bacilli in the faeces of babies born in hospital and at home

Feeney

Cooke

Shinebaum

1980

J. Hyg.

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SUMMARYExamination of the faeces of 50 babies born at home showed that bottle-fed babies carried significantly more Klebsiella, Proteus and Pseudomonas spp. and antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli than did breast-fed babies. Bottle-fed babies born in hospital had a less mixed faecal flora than bottle-fed babies born at home. The possibility that bacterial contamination of home-prepared feeds may account for these differences requires investigation.

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Breast Milk Substitute: A Bacteriological Study

Cited by 58 publications

References 7 publications

The development of bacterial flora of premature neonates

The development of bacterial flora of premature neonates

The development of the bacterial flora in normal neonates

A comparative study of gram-negative aerobic bacilli in the faeces of babies born in hospital and at home

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