Breast volume is affected by body mass index but not age

Coltman, Celeste E.; Steele, Julie R.; McGhee, Deirdre E.

doi:10.1080/00140139.2017.1330968

Cited by 57 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…In the absence of prospective work on the topic, we cannot be certain about the scale of the increases in breast size with age nor that these occur independently of increases in body size around the same time. 8,9,67 Our findings have confirmed that larger breast size alone is sufficient to increase the odds for upper back pain; however, by not examining UBP severity in this study, we cannot be sure how bothersome this could be for mature-aged women. Low back pain deters physical activity participation 68 and reduces an individual’s sense of mental and physical wellbeing.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

The relationship between breast size and aspects of health and psychological wellbeing in mature-aged women

Spencer

Fary

McKenna

et al. 2020

Womens Health (Lond Engl)

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Objectives: Increases in breast size with age are common but have not been widely examined as a factor that could affect the health and psychological wellbeing of mature-aged women. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between breast size and aspects of health and psychological wellbeing in mature-aged women. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of mature-aged women (⩾40 years). Breast size (breast size score) was determined from self-reported bra size and was examined against health-related quality of life (Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form 36 and BREAST-Q), body satisfaction (numerical rating scale), breast satisfaction (BREAST-Q), physical activity levels (Human Activity Profile), the presence of upper back pain and breast and bra fit perceptions. Results: Two hundred sixty-nine women (40–85 years) with bra band sizes ranging from 8 to 26 and bra cup sizes from A to HH participated. The mean (standard deviation) breast size score of 7.7 (2.7) was equivalent to a bra size of 14DD. Increasing breast size was associated with significantly lower breast-related physical wellbeing ( p < 0.001, R2 = 0.043) and lower ratings of body ( p = 0.002, R2 = 0.024) and breast satisfaction ( p < 0.001, R2 = 0.065). Women with larger breasts were more likely to be embarrassed by their breasts (odds ratio: 1.49, 95% confidence interval: 1.31 to 1.70); more likely to desire a change in their breasts (odds ratio: 1.55, 95% confidence interval: 1.37 to 1.75) and less likely to be satisfied with their bra fit (odds ratio: 0.84, 95% confidence interval: 0.76 to 0.92). Breast size in addition to age contributed to explaining upper back pain. For each one-size increase in breast size score, women were 13% more likely to report the presence of upper back pain. Conclusion: Larger breast sizes have a small but significant negative relationship with breast-related physical wellbeing, body and breast satisfaction. Larger breasts are associated with a greater likelihood of upper back pain. Clinicians considering ways to improve the health and psychological wellbeing of mature-aged women should be aware of these relationships.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 56%

The relationship between breast size and aspects of health and psychological wellbeing in mature-aged women

Spencer

Fary

McKenna

et al. 2020

Womens Health (Lond Engl)

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“…Therefore, it is recommended that at institutes where central lumpectomy is more frequently performed, the significance of distance of tumor from the nipple should be cautiously re-examined. Patients with high BMI have increased risks of receiving BCS, possibly because BMI is significantly associated with breast volume; further, it is known that the breast volume is two-three times greater in overweight and obese women (with high BMI) than in women with normal BMI [16]. Contrary to our results, in the previously presented Seoul National University Hospital (SNUH) nomogram, Kim et al [4] reported that the breast volume was not a predictive factor for BCS.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Predicting Successful Conservative Surgery after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Hormone Receptor-Positive, HER2-Negative Breast Cancer

Kim

Lee

et al. 2018

J Breast Dis

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Purpose: This study aimed to determine whether clinicopathological factors are potentially associated with successful breast-conserving surgery (BCS) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and develop a nomogram for predicting successful BCS candidates, focusing on those who are diagnosed with hormone receptor (HR)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative tumors during the pre-NAC period. Methods: The training cohort included 239 patients with an HR-positive, HER2-negative tumor (≥ 3 cm), and all of these patients had received NAC. Patients were excluded if they met any of the following criteria: diffuse, suspicious, malignant microcalcification (extent > 4 cm); multicentric or multifocal breast cancer; inflammatory breast cancer; distant metastases at the time of diagnosis; excisional biopsy prior to NAC; and bilateral breast cancer. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the possible predictors of BCS eligibility after NAC, and the regression model was used to develop the predicting nomogram. This nomogram was built using the training cohort (n= 239) and was later validated with an independent validation cohort (n= 123). Results: Small tumor size (p< 0.001) at initial diagnosis, long distance from the nipple (p= 0.002), high body mass index (p= 0.001), and weak positivity for progesterone receptor (p= 0.037) were found to be four independent predictors of an increased probability of BCS after NAC; further, these variables were used as covariates in developing the nomogram. For the training and validation cohorts, the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve were 0.833 and 0.786, respectively; these values demonstrate the potential predictive power of this nomogram. Conclusion: This study established a new nomogram to predict successful BCS in patients with HR-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer. Given that chemotherapy is an option with unreliable outcomes for this subtype, this nomogram may be used to select patients for NAC followed by successful BCS.data from the U.S. National Cancer Database [6], ER negativity is considered to be one of the key factors associated with a high probability of successful breast conservation. Accordingly, surgeons expect that ORIGINAL ARTICLE J Breast Dis 2018 December; 6(2): 52-59 https://doi.

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“…Two studies that recruited only young women as participants 13,14 found no relationship between breast size and thoracic pain, suggesting that increased thoracic kyphosis and thoracic pain are likely to be long-term rather than immediate consequences of having large breasts. It should be noted, however, that the cohort numbers in these two studies was relatively small and that the breasts of the participants were not very large when comparing their bra sizes to objectively calculated breast volumes 9 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…These factors can also limit the ability of women with large breasts to participate in physical activity and, in chronic cases, necessitate breast reduction surgery 2,[6][7][8] . In addition to the well-documented negative consequences associated with reduced physical activity, physical inactivity due to symptoms associated with a large breast size, high BMI or musculoskeletal pain can lead to weight gain, as well as further increases in breast size because increases in BMI have been associated with increases in breast volume 9 . Alarmingly, the prevalence of this unique women's health problem is likely to escalate because the average bra size has increased over the past two decades from a small bra cup size (34B) to a large bra cup size (34DD) 10 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Upper torso pain and musculoskeletal structure and function in women with and without large breasts: A cross sectional study

McGhee

Coltman

Riddiford‐Harland

et al. 2018

Clinical Biomechanics

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Breast volume is affected by body mass index but not age

Cited by 57 publications

References 43 publications

The relationship between breast size and aspects of health and psychological wellbeing in mature-aged women

The relationship between breast size and aspects of health and psychological wellbeing in mature-aged women

Predicting Successful Conservative Surgery after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Hormone Receptor-Positive, HER2-Negative Breast Cancer

Upper torso pain and musculoskeletal structure and function in women with and without large breasts: A cross sectional study

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