Brevetoxins

Abstract

Brevetoxins (BTXs) are potent marine toxins produced by certain microalgae during harmful algal blooms (HABs). These lipophilic polyether compounds, notably PbTx-1 and PbTx-2, primarily affect seafood safety by bioaccumulating in filter-feeding shellfish and finfish. Human exposure to BTXs through contaminated seafood can lead to Neurotoxic Shellfish Poisoning (NSP), causing a range of neurological and gastrointestinal symptoms. BTXs disrupt nerve and muscle cell function by blocking voltage-gated sodium channels, affecting the initiation and propagation of action potentials. The occurrence of BTXs in marine environments is influenced by factors such as water temperature, nutrient levels, and oceanographic conditions, which promote HAB formation. Coastal regions, particularly in temperate and subtropical zones, are susceptible to these blooms, impacting seafood safety and ecosystem health. Detection of BTXs in seafood presents challenges due to their heat stability and lack of taste or odor, necessitating specialized testing methods like LC-MS and ELISA for accurate quantification. Regulatory agencies set maximum allowable levels for BTXs in seafood to mitigate health risks, supported by monitoring programs and industry standards. Prevention strategies include early HAB detection, closure of affected harvesting areas, and rigorous seafood processing protocols to ensure consumer safety. Continued research and innovation in BTX detection and mitigation are essential for enhancing food safety measures globally.