Brewer's spent grains-based biorefineries: A critical review

Pabbathi, Ninian Prem Prashanth; Velidandi, Aditya; Pogula, Soni; Gandam, Pradeep Kumar; Baadhe, Rama Raju; Sharma, Minaxi; Sirohi, Ranjna; Thakur, Vijay Kumar; Gupta, Vijai Kumar

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2022.123435

Cited by 32 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…Similarly, the Lignite feedstock contains 2.4 wt % organic sulfur that can be transferred to the crude oil fraction during HTL. Like sewage sludge, spent brewer grain includes a high concentration of proteins (19–30 wt %), , justifying the high N content of the feedstock (4.7 wt %; Table S4) and HTL oil (4.3 wt %; Table ). Unlike the remaining feedstocks, oak sawdust’s lignocellulosic nature is well known to contain low sulfur and nitrogen contents (Table S9), which was reflected in the low concentration of these elements on the crude oil (Table ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lignite and Biomass Waste Hydrothermal Liquefaction Crude Upgrading by Hydrotreatment

et al. 2023

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Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) is a promising process for the energetic valorization of low-value feedstocks. However, HTL crude oils are incompatible with the existing fuel standards, making their upgrade imperative. Nonetheless, the hydrotreatment (HDT) of HTL crude oils is still a challenge due to the complex nature of the feedstock. Therefore, this work explores the relationship between the HTL crude oil origin and the HDT conversion. Five HTL crude oils from different feedstocks, namely, oak sawdust, Brewer’s Spent Grain (spent grain), sewage sludge from two origins, and lignite, and their detailed characterization by elemental analysis, 13C and 31P NMR, molecular weight distribution, comprehensive 2D gas chromatography, and SimDis were compared to those of the HDT liquid product. Lignite displayed the highest potential for producing hydrocarbons, particularly monoaromatics and naphthenes, among the feedstocks tested. The capacity of lignite HTL crude oil to be transformed into hydrocarbons was associated with the absence of compounds resistant to HDT in this feedstock. Similarly, oak sawdust also displayed higher selectivity toward aromatic and naphthene hydrocarbons due to the significant concentration of aromatic compounds in the crude oil. In opposition, the sewage sludge and spent-grain crude oils were particularly selective toward aliphatic hydrocarbons, particularly paraffins, produced from aliphatic components, such as amides, in the crude oil. However, these feedstocks were rich in nitrogenated aromatics, for example, carbazole, which are recalcitrant to hydrotreatment and were not fully converted during the reaction. The differences observed in the HDT liquid composition show that the HTL crude oil composition dictates the potential for producing hydrocarbon fuels. Indeed, HTL crude oils rich in aromatic compounds will yield preferentially naphthenes and aromatic hydrocarbons. In opposition, crude oils richer in aliphatic carbon will be more selective toward paraffins. The nature and concentration of heteroatom components must also be considered since these must be imperatively eliminated.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lignite and Biomass Waste Hydrothermal Liquefaction Crude Upgrading by Hydrotreatment

et al. 2023

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“…Phenolics in spent grains are associated with the prevention of chronic cardiovascular and neurogenerative diseases, certain cancers and diabetes. The high fiber content helps in the elimination of cholesterol and fats and improves symptoms of ulcerative colitis [ 31 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ]. Reusing spent grain as a value-added food source for human consumption is appealing because it increases the protein, fiber, vitamin and mineral contents while decreasing the starch and caloric content in grain-based products [ 40 ].…”

Section: Nutritive Value Of Spent Grainsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spent Grain: A Functional Ingredient for Food Applications

Chetrariu

Dabija

2023

Foods

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Spent grain is the solid fraction remaining after wort removal. It is nutritionally rich, composed of fibers—mainly hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin—proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals, and must be managed properly. Spent grain is a by-product with high moisture, high protein and high fiber content and is susceptible to microbial contamination; thus, a suitable, cost-effective, and environmentally friendly valorization method of processing it is required. This by-product is used as a raw material in the production of many other food products—bakery products, pasta, cookies, muffins, wafers, snacks, yogurt or plant-based yogurt alternatives, Frankfurter sausages or fruit beverages—due to its nutritional values. The circular economy is built on waste reduction and the reuse of by-products, which find opportunities in the regeneration and recycling of waste materials and energy that become inputs in other processes and food products. Waste disposal in the food industry has become a major issue in recent years when attempting to maintain hygiene standards and avoid soil, air and water contamination. Fortifying food products with spent grain follows the precepts of the circular bio-economy and industrial symbiosis of strengthening sustainable development. The purpose of this review is to update information on the addition of spent grain to various foods and the influence of spent grain on these foods.

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“…Traditionally it is used in feed and food production, but recently BSG also plays a role in bioenergy production and waste management. The cost of transportation (especially of BSG in wet form), the cost of drying, and need for pretreatment process to reduce its recalcitrance, are some of the barrier to wider application (Pabbathi et al, 2022).…”

Section: The Most Common Use Of Bsgmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Potential of Brewer’s Spent Grain in the Circular Bioeconomy: State of the Art and Future Perspectives

Zeko-Pivač

Tišma

Žnidaršič–Plazl

et al. 2022

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Brewer’s spent grain (BSG) accounts for approximately 85% of the total mass of solid by-products in the brewing industry and represents an important secondary raw material of future biorefineries. Currently, the main application of BSG is limited to the feed and food industry. There is a strong need to develop sustainable pretreatment and fractionation processes to obtain BSG hydrolysates that enable efficient biotransformation into biofuels, biomaterials, or biochemicals. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive insight into the availability of BSG, chemical properties, and current and potential applications juxtaposed with the existing and emerging markets of the pyramid of bio-based products in the context of sustainable and circular bioeconomy. An economic evaluation of BSG for the production of highly valuable products is presented in the context of sustainable and circular bioeconomy targeting the market of Central and Eastern European countries (BIOEAST region).

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Brewer's spent grains-based biorefineries: A critical review

Cited by 32 publications

References 91 publications

Lignite and Biomass Waste Hydrothermal Liquefaction Crude Upgrading by Hydrotreatment

Lignite and Biomass Waste Hydrothermal Liquefaction Crude Upgrading by Hydrotreatment

Spent Grain: A Functional Ingredient for Food Applications

The Potential of Brewer’s Spent Grain in the Circular Bioeconomy: State of the Art and Future Perspectives

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