Bringing trust and transparency to the opaque world of waste management with blockchain: a Polkadot parathread application

Waste management: A comprehensive state of the art about the rise of blockchain technology

“…Among papers that specify their proposed blockchain platform, Ethereum was found to be the most commonly used. However, the papers which suggest the use of alternative blockchains such as Hyperledger (Koscina et al, 2019;Liu et al, 2020Liu et al, , 2021 or Polkadot (Scott et al, 2021). Authors describe a comparison with the Ethereum blockchain, underlining and motivating their choice to address the problems of data privacy and transaction costs, but also latency and throughput.…”

“…The papers examined consider the use of a system of interconnected smart contracts, mostly written in Solidity (Sahoo and Halder, 2020;Dua et al, 2020), which allow interaction between stakeholders to make the process more efficient (Gupta and Bedi, 2018;Utomo et al, 2020), and the creation of automatic reward and penalty systems (Lamichhane et al, 2017;Dasaklis et al, 2020). Several papers focus on defining the actors of the blockchain-based system, their roles, and the use of strategies to involve citizens (Scott et al, 2021;Dua et al, 2020;Pelonero et al, 2020;Koscina et al, 2019;Utomo et al, 2020). The proposed architectures include multiple subsystems to ensure efficient and cost-saving use of the blockchain and proper utilization of computational and storage resources (Laouar et al, 2019;França et al, 2020).…”

“…Waste disposal is converted into clean energy or agricultural by-products such as fertilizer or animal feed (Makkar et al, 2020). In the case of a commercial product, tokens can be used as a reward to incentivise consumers to returns goods to the supply chain (Kouhizadeh et al, 2019;Sahoo and Halder, 2020;Gopalakrishnan et al, 2020;Scott et al, 2021) supporting therefore the CE (Sandhiya and Ramakrishna, 2020). Finally, the use of tokens is discussed in (Katz, 2019) as part of the PlasticBank project with a dual purpose to fight plastic pollution and support economic development in a poor region, and in (Koscina et al, 2019) under the PlasticTwist project as described in the previous subsection.…”

Blockchain's potential for waste management in textile industry

“…That means eliminating the procedures and lowering the workload these procedures carry as well. Intermediaries would be obstacles to the speed and might incur extra costs for the work to be done (Scott et al, 2021). Companies are trying to be efficient and effective, and the elimination of intermediaries is an important opportunity to accomplish these objectives.…”

“…In literature, Scott et al (2021) distinguished three different areas where blockchain is proposed as a solution for waste management. These areas include supply chain management, providing incentives, and waste services market/platform.…”