BrO formation in volcanic plumes

Oppenheimer, Clive; Tsanev, V.; Braban, Christine F.; Cox, R. A.; Adams, Jonathan; Aiuppa, Alessandro; Bobrowski, Nicole; Delmelle, Pierre; Barclay, Jenni; McGonigle, Andrew J. S.

doi:10.1016/j.gca.2006.04.001

Cited by 125 publications

(165 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…There are many (unsystematic) measurements of Etna SO 2 emission rates reported in the literature based on different measurement techniques (e.g. Jaeschke et al, 1982;Teggi et al, 1999;Barrancos et al, 2008;Oppenheimer et al, 2006;Bobrowski et al, 2006). These report in situ, remotely sensed UV and IR, ground, aircraft and satellite platform-based retrievals from different years and different months.…”

Section: Etna Volcano Italymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These report in situ, remotely sensed UV and IR, ground, aircraft and satellite platform-based retrievals from different years and different months. The variability is high, depending on the degassing phase of activity with emission rates varying from 11 kg s −1 (Oppenheimer et al, 2006), to 82.2 kg s −1 (Teggi et al, 1999). A proper, statistical evaluation and intercomparison of the IR camera retrievals is beyond the scope of this paper, but new work resulting from a volcanic plume workshop, where several UV cameras and the IR camera are compared, has been submitted for publication (Kern et al, 2014;Prata et al, 2014;Lopez et al, 2014).…”

Section: Etna Volcano Italymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Retrieval of sulfur dioxide from a ground-based thermal infrared imaging camera

Prata

Bernardo

2014

Atmos. Meas. Tech.

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Abstract. Recent advances in uncooled detector technology now offer the possibility of using relatively inexpensive thermal (7 to 14 µm) imaging devices as tools for studying and quantifying the behaviour of hazardous gases and particulates in atmospheric plumes. An experimental fast-sampling (60 Hz) ground-based uncooled thermal imager (Cyclops), operating with four spectral channels at central wavelengths of 8.6, 10, 11 and 12 µm and one broadband channel (7-14 µm) has been tested at several volcanoes and at an industrial site, where SO 2 was a major constituent of the plumes. This paper presents new algorithms, which include atmospheric corrections to the data and better calibrations to show that SO 2 slant column density can be reliably detected and quantified. Our results indicate that it is relatively easy to identify and discriminate SO 2 in plumes, but more challenging to quantify the column densities. A full description of the retrieval algorithms, illustrative results and a detailed error analysis are provided. The noise-equivalent temperature difference (NE T ) of the spectral channels, a fundamental measure of the quality of the measurements, lies between 0.4 and 0.8 K, resulting in slant column density errors of 20 %. Frame averaging and improved NE T 's can reduce this error to less than 10 %, making a stand-off, day or night operation of an instrument of this type very practical for both monitoring industrial SO 2 emissions and for SO 2 column densities and emission measurements at active volcanoes. The imaging camera system may also be used to study thermal radiation from meteorological clouds and the atmosphere.

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Section: Etna Volcano Italymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Etna Volcano Italymentioning

confidence: 99%

Retrieval of sulfur dioxide from a ground-based thermal infrared imaging camera

Prata

Bernardo

2014

Atmos. Meas. Tech.

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“…3; please see Materials and Methods for more details. The main measurements that are available for a model evaluation with regard to reactive halogen chemistry are, in addition to measurements of precursor gases at the crater rim, the remote sensing of bromine oxide, BrO, and sulfur dioxide, SO 2 , at varying distances from the crater as performed by, e.g., Oppenheimer et al (2) and Bobrowski et al (3). The variability in SO 2 fluxes from volcanoes is very large, so that ratios of gases are often used.…”

Section: Initial Plume Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This view changed recently, mainly because of the observation of very high concentrations of bromine oxide, BrO, in the tropospheric, nonexplosive plume of Soufrière Hills, Montserrat (1). Since then, an increasing number of observations of reactive halogens have been made in noneruptive plumes of various volcanoes (2)(3)(4). Many more measurements of the early plumes of various craters including the chemical composition of aerosol (5) in recent years showed many more facets of the exciting chemical processes in noneruptive volcanic plumes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric chemistry in volcanic plumes

Glasow

2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

146

126

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Recent field observations have shown that the atmospheric plumes of quiescently degassing volcanoes are chemically very active, pointing to the role of chemical cycles involving halogen species and heterogeneous reactions on aerosol particles that have previously been unexplored for this type of volcanic plumes. Key features of these measurements can be reproduced by numerical models such as the one employed in this study. The model shows sustained high levels of reactive bromine in the plume, leading to extensive ozone destruction, that, depending on plume dispersal, can be maintained for several days. The very high concentrations of sulfur dioxide in the volcanic plume reduces the lifetime of the OH radical drastically, so that it is virtually absent in the volcanic plume. This would imply an increased lifetime of methane in volcanic plumes, unless reactive chlorine chemistry in the plume is strong enough to offset the lack of OH chemistry. A further effect of bromine chemistry in addition to ozone destruction shown by the model studies presented here, is the oxidation of mercury. This relates to mercury that has been coemitted with bromine from the volcano but also to background atmospheric mercury. The rapid oxidation of mercury implies a drastically reduced atmospheric lifetime of mercury so that the contribution of volcanic mercury to the atmospheric background might be less than previously thought. However, the implications, especially health and environmental effects due to deposition, might be substantial and warrant further studies, especially field measurements to test this hypothesis

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“…Although more localized, inorganic bromine emissions have also been identified over salt lakes (Hebestreit et al, 1999), in the marine boundary layer (Leser et al, 2003;SaizLopez et al, 2004;Read et al, 2008) and in volcanic plumes (Bobrowski et al, 2003;Oppenheimer et al, 2006;Theys et al, 2009a). Observations from space (e.g., Richter et al, 2002;Van Roozendael et al, 2002), ground-based Theys et al, 2007) and balloon-borne (Harder et al, 1998;Fitzenberger et al, 2000) instruments have shown that inorganic bromine may be produced and sustained in the free troposphere at the global scale.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Global observations of tropospheric BrO columns using GOME-2 satellite data

et al. 2011

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Abstract.Measurements from the GOME-2 satellite instrument have been analyzed for tropospheric BrO using a residual technique that combines measured BrO columns and estimates of the stratospheric BrO content from a climatological approach driven by O 3 and NO 2 observations. Comparisons between the GOME-2 results and BrO vertical columns derived from correlative ground-based and SCIAMACHY nadir observations, present a good level of consistency. We show that the adopted technique enables separation of stratospheric and tropospheric fractions of the measured total BrO columns and allows quantitative study of the BrO plumes in polar regions. While some satellite observed plumes of enhanced BrO can be explained by stratospheric descending air, we show that most BrO hotspots are of tropospheric origin, although they are often associated to regions with low tropopause heights as well. Elaborating on simulations using the p-TOMCAT tropospheric chemical transport model, this result is found to be consistent with the mechanism of bromine release through sea salt aerosols production during blowing snow events. No definitive conclusion can be drawn however on the importance of blowing snow sources in comparison to other bromine release mechanisms. Outside polar regions, evidence is provided for a global tropospheric BrO background with column of 1-3 × 10 13 molec cm −2 , consistent with previous estimates.

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BrO formation in volcanic plumes

Cited by 125 publications

References 26 publications

Retrieval of sulfur dioxide from a ground-based thermal infrared imaging camera

Retrieval of sulfur dioxide from a ground-based thermal infrared imaging camera

Atmospheric chemistry in volcanic plumes

Global observations of tropospheric BrO columns using GOME-2 satellite data

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