Broadband electro-optical modulator based on transparent conducting oxide

Shi, Kaifeng; Haque, Riaz R.; Zhao, Bingyin; Zhao, Runchen; Lu, Zhaolin

doi:10.1364/ol.39.004978

Cited by 59 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…However, none of the experimental studies has reported the response of the modulators close to the upper limit (see table). A recently published study of dynamic tuning in multilayer structures shows the presence of a significant delay [111]. Thus, there is an urgent need for thorough experimental studies and advanced characterization of TCO-based devices, including the dynamic change of the applied voltage, highfrequency modulation of optical properties, determination of the upper limit of the modulation frequency, and the development of advanced theoretical models.…”

Section: Study Of Dynamic Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The rapid energy transfer in the TCO produces a localized rise of the carrier temperature and increased carrier mobility, thus, providing a stronger nonlinear response. This ability to dramatically change the optical properties of TCOs from dielectric-like to metallic-like under an applied bias triggers new approaches for the realization of photonic modulators [110,111].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transparent conducting oxides for electro-optical plasmonic modulators

2015

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Abstract:The ongoing quest for ultra-compact optical devices has reached a bottleneck due to the diffraction limit in conventional photonics. New approaches that provide subwavelength optical elements, and therefore lead to miniaturization of the entire photonic circuit, are urgently required. Plasmonics, which combines nanoscale light confinement and optical-speed processing of signals, has the potential to enable the next generation of hybrid information-processing devices, which are superior to the current photonic dielectric components in terms of speed and compactness. New plasmonic materials (other than metals), or optical materials with metal-like behavior, have recently attracted a lot of attention due to the promise they hold to enable low-loss, tunable, CMOScompatible devices for photonic technologies. In this review, we provide a systematic overview of various compact optical modulator designs that utilize a class of the most promising new materials as the active layer or corenamely, transparent conducting oxides. Such modulators can be made low-loss, compact, and exhibit high tunability while offering low cost and compatibility with existing semiconductor technologies. A detailed analysis of different configurations and their working characteristics, such as their extinction ratio, compactness, bandwidth, and losses, is performed identifying the most promising designs.

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Section: Study Of Dynamic Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transparent conducting oxides for electro-optical plasmonic modulators

2015

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“…For example, in ref. 1 it was shown that a 10 nm thin ITO-layer is sufficient to build a modulator with 37% modulation depth for a wavelength of 1620 nm. The strong response was achieved by applying a voltage to the thin layer.…”

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confidence: 99%

Electrochemical tuning of the optical properties of nanoporous gold

Jalas

Shao

Canchi

et al. 2017

Sci Rep

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Using optical in-situ measurements in an electrochemical environment, we study the electrochemical tuning of the transmission spectrum of films from the nanoporous gold (NPG) based optical metamaterial, including the effect of the ligament size. The long wavelength part of the transmission spectrum around 800 nm can be reversibly tuned via the applied electrode potential. The NPG behaves as diluted metal with its transition from dielectric to metallic response shifted to longer wavelengths. We find that the applied potential alters the charge carrier density to a comparable extent as in experiments on gold nanoparticles. However, compared to nanoparticles, a NPG optical metamaterial, due to its connected structure, shows a much stronger and more broadband change in optical transmission for the same change in charge carrier density. We were able to tune the transmission through an only 200 nm thin sample by 30%. In combination with an electrolyte the tunable NPG based optical metamaterial, which employs a very large surface-to-volume ratio is expected to play an important role in sensor applications, for photoelectrochemical water splitting into hydrogen and oxygen and for solar water purification.

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“…Although the ITO plasma frequency is in the near-IR range [12,17,99,100], due to low losses, ITO could be used for plasmonic metamaterials in certain frequency ranges above the plasma frequency [10] and as an active material in plasmonic modulators [101][102][103][104] or as infrared antennae [105].…”

Section: Indium Tin Oxide Filmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultra-thin films for plasmonics: a technology overview

Malureanu

Lavrinenko

2015

Nanotechnology Reviews

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Ultra-thin films with low surface roughness that support surface plasmon-polaritons in the infra-red and visible ranges are needed in order to improve the performance of devices based on the manipulation of plasmon propagation. Increasing amount of efforts is made in order not only to improve the quality of the deposited layers but also to diminish their thickness and to find new materials that could be used in this field. In this review, we consider various thin films used in the field of plasmonics and metamaterials in the visible and IR range. We focus our presentation on technological issues of their deposition and reported characterization of film plasmonic performance.

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Broadband electro-optical modulator based on transparent conducting oxide

Cited by 59 publications

References 20 publications

Transparent conducting oxides for electro-optical plasmonic modulators

Transparent conducting oxides for electro-optical plasmonic modulators

Electrochemical tuning of the optical properties of nanoporous gold

Ultra-thin films for plasmonics: a technology overview

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