“…These approaches are in the trial stage for technical scale and operational feasibility. 15 Recent academic research estimates the upfront capital expense to deliver 2 Mbps broadband service to roughly 10% of homes in remote towns in the Andes region of Peru to be USD 4 215 per user using Wi-Fi (USD 2 105 per Mbps), USD 3 035 per user using WiMax (USD 1 515 per Mbps), USD 2 950 per user using LTE (USD 1 475 per Mbps), USD 2 570 per user using TVWS (USD 1 285 per Mbps), and USD 1 540 per user using a stratospheric solution (USD 770 per Mbps) (Espinoza, 2016). This same research estimates the capital expense of these stratospheric solutions using balloons using LTE to end users and WiMax as the backhaul.…”