Broadcast Network Television, 1955-2003: The Pursuit of Advertising and the Decline of Diversity

Tenacity of Routine: The Absence of Geo-Ethnic Storytelling in Constructing Immigration News Coverage

“…A number of factors influence the production of news, including sources (Gans, 1979;Grimm, 2009;Powers & Fico, 1994;Sumpter & Garner, 2007;Tuchman, 1978), ownership (Einstein, 2004;Smith, 2009), and the size and resources of a news outlet (Carpenter, 2007;Fico & Soffin, 1995). Despite transformative technological changes, journalistic behavioral and attitudinal routines have remained entrenched in the industry (Entman, Livingston, & Kim, 2009;Lowrey, 2011;Robinson, 2011;Soffer, 2009).…”

An Examination of Terrestrial and Broadcasting Satellite Broadcasters' Programming by Type: What Factors Influence Program Diversity in the Multi-channel Era?

“…Litman (1979), Lin (1995), Napoli (1997), Einstein (2004aEinstein ( , 2004b, and many other researchers have calculated the vertical diversity of terrestrial broadcasters where the number was limited. On the other hand, McDonald and Lin (2004) investigated the change in vertical diversity before and after the entry of new networks in the United States and found that although an increase in the networks enhanced program diversity, changes in the programming of traditional networks were few.…”

“…Theoretical studies Steiner (1952), Beebe (1977), Spence and Owen (1975), Wildman and Owen (1985), Gal-Or and Dukes (2003), Gabszewicz et al (2004), Anderson and Coate (2005) Empirical studies Vertical diversity Dominick and Pearce (1976), Litman (1979), Lin (1995), Napoli (1997), Einstein (2004aEinstein ( , 2004b) Horizontal diversity Einstein (2004aEinstein ( , 2004b With regard to empirical studies that investigate the relationship between the ownership rule and program diversity, Napoli and Yan (2007) and Yan and Park (2009) examined the impact of relaxation of the ownership rule on the programming of local television broadcasters in the United States. Berry and Waldfogel (2001) investigated the impact of relaxation of the ownership rule on radio programming in the United States, stating that program diversity increased after relaxation of the ownership rule, although the market concentration did also.…”

“…Dominick and Pearce (1976), Einstein (2004aEinstein ( , 2004b, and many other researchers' studies on program diversity have measured the diversity of terrestrial broadcasters where the number was limited and have then evaluated policies concerning program diversity. However, an increase in the channels of terrestrial broadcasters and the introduction of satellite broadcasting enable us to enjoy more programs.…”

“…measured the degree of differentiation among three U.S. networks from 1953 to 1974 using the homogeneity index, whereas Hellman (2001) examined differentiation in programming in Finland by the deviation index. Third, the degree of choices in genres at the same time is calculated by the horizontal diversity index Einstein (2004aEinstein ( , 2004b. examined the time trend of the horizontal diversity…”