Bromine as an ash forming element in a fluidised bed boiler combusting solid recovered fuel

Vainikka, Pasi; Enestam, Sonja; Silvennoinen, Jaani; Taipale, Raili; Yrjas, Patrik; Frantsi, A.; Hannula, Janne; Hupa, Mikko

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2010.11.032

Cited by 43 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…In a weight-related descending order, the most prevalent waste items in commercial SRF/RDF produced from MSW are paper/cardboard, plastics, textiles and wood ( Table 1 ). This is in agreement with Vainikka et al (2011) , who collected literature findings from older studies to identify a typical SRF composition. Specifically, paper/cardboard fluctuated in a range of 40–50 w/w, plastics 25–35 w/w, textiles 10–14 w/w, and wood 3–10% w/w.…”

Section: Srf/rdf Compositionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Characterisation and composition identification of waste-derived fuels obtained from municipal solid waste using thermogravimetry: A review

et al. 2020

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Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is the most widespread thermal analytical technique applied to waste materials. By way of critical review, we establish a theoretical framework for the use of TGA under non-isothermal conditions for compositional analysis of waste-derived fuels from municipal solid waste (MSW) (solid recovered fuel (SRF), or refuse-derived fuel (RDF)). Thermal behaviour of SRF/RDF is described as a complex mixture of several components at multiple levels (including an assembly of prevalent waste items, materials, and chemical compounds); and, operating conditions applied to TGA experiments of SRF/RDF are summarised. SRF/RDF mainly contains cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyethylene terephthalate. Polyvinyl chloride is also used in simulated samples, for its high chlorine content. We discuss the main limitations for TGA-based compositional analysis of SRF/RDF, due to inherently heterogeneous composition of MSW at multiple levels, overlapping degradation areas, and potential interaction effects among waste components and cross-contamination. Optimal generic TGA settings are highlighted (inert atmosphere and low heating rate (⩽10°C), sufficient temperature range for material degradation (⩾750°C), and representative amount of test portion). There is high potential to develop TGA-based composition identification and wider quality assurance and control methods using advanced thermo-analytical techniques (e.g. TGA with evolved gas analysis), coupled with statistical data analytics.

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Section: Srf/rdf Compositionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Characterisation and composition identification of waste-derived fuels obtained from municipal solid waste using thermogravimetry: A review

et al. 2020

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“…The particulate NO 2 is related to the heterogeneous formation of atmospheric HONO onto particle surfaces under high relative humidity conditions (Bigi et al, 2017)., The Clconcentrations in both PM 10 and PM 2.5 are significantly higher than the Na concentrations for the case of industry, indicating the existence of extra sources in addition to the common ones such as sea-salts and road salts. The waste incineration plants are potential sources because the combustion of solid wastes, especially, plastic materials, could produce significant amount of Cl - (Vainikka et al, 2011). The concentration of Brin PM 2.5 is the highest for the case of highway followed by the cases of bus stop and industry, respectively.…”

Section: Size-dependent Chemical Compositionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bris an important indicator of vehicular emissions (Chueinta et al, 2000) and thus, compared to the bus stop, the higher traffic volume on the highway emits more Br -. In the industry zone, the combustion of plastic materials in the waste incineration plants could also serve as a source of Brand Brhas been found in aerosol samples collected from the furnace and electrostatic precipitator ash (Vainikka et al, 2011;Vainikka et al, 2013).…”

Section: Size-dependent Chemical Compositionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of PM exposure related to emission hotspots in a hot and humid urban environment: Concentrations, compositions, respiratory deposition, and potential health risks

You

Yao

Dai

et al. 2017

Science of The Total Environment

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Particle number concentration, particle size distribution, and size-dependent chemical compositions were measured at a bus stop, alongside a high way, and at an industrial site in a tropical city. It was found that the industry case had 4.93×10-7.23×10 and 3.44×10-3.69×10#/m higher concentration of particles than the bus stop and highway cases in the range of 0.25-0.65μm and 2.5-32μm, respectively, while the highway case had 6.01×10 and 1.86×10#/m higher concentration of particles than the bus stop case in the range of 0.5-1.0μm and 5.0-32μm, respectively. Al, Fe, Na, and Zn were the most abundant particulate inorganic elements for the traffic-related cases, while Zn, Mn, Fe, and Pb were abundant for the industry case. Existing respiratory deposition models were employed to analyze particle and element deposition distributions in the human respiratory system with respect to some potential exposure scenarios related to bus stop, highway, and industry, respectively. It was shown that particles of 0-0.25μm and 2.5-10.0μm accounted for around 74%, 74%, and 70% of the particles penetrating into the lung region, respectively. The respiratory deposition rates of Cr and Ni were 170 and 220 ng/day, and 55 and 140ng/day for the highway and industry scenarios, respectively. Health risk assessment was conducted following the US EPA supplemented guidance to estimate the risk of inhalation exposure to the selected elements (i.e. Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn) for the three scenarios. It was suggested that Cr poses a potential carcinogenic risk with the excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) of 2.1-98×10 for the scenarios. Mn poses a potential non-carcinogenic risk in the industry scenario with the hazard quotient (HQ) of 0.98. Both Ni and Mn may pose potential non-carcinogenic risk for people who are involved with all the three exposure scenarios.

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“…Alternatively, if insufficient ZnO seed particles are present, new particles form by nucleation from the primarily alkali compound ash forming vapours (Jöller et al, 2007). Particles from biomass combustion will consist of a soluble fraction, which include alkali metal salts: sulfates, carbonates and chlorides (Vainikka et al, 2011), and an insoluble fraction. Silicates and some other minerals are insoluble, and alkali bonded in silicates is less prone to volatilise and remains insoluble (Werkelin et al, 2010).…”

Section: Co 2 Impurities From the Utilisation Of Biomass For Powermentioning

confidence: 99%

The range and level of impurities in CO2 streams from different carbon capture sources

Porter

Fairweather

Pourkashanian

et al. 2015

International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control

220

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For CO 2 capture and storage deployment, the impact of impurities in the gas or dense phase CO 2 stream arising from fossil fuel power plants, or large scale industrial emitters, is of fundamental importance to the safe and economic transportation and storage of the captured CO 2 . This paper reviews the range and level of impurities expected from the main capture technologies used with fossil-fuelled power plants in addition to other CO 2 emission-intensive industries. Analysis is presented with respect to the range of impurities present in CO 2 streams captured using pre-combustion, post-combustion and oxy-fuel technologies, in addition to an assessment of the different parameters affecting the CO 2 mixture composition. This includes modes of operation of the power plant, and different technologies for the reduction and removal of problematic components such as water and acid gases (SO x / NO x ). A literature review of data demonstrates that the purity of CO 2 product gases from carbon capture sources is highly dependent upon the type of technology used. This paper also addresses the CO 2 purification technologies available for the removal of CO 2 impurities from raw oxy-fuel flue gas, such as Hg and noncondensable compounds. CO 2 purities of over 99 % are achievable using post-combustion capture technologies with low levels of the main impurities of N 2 , Ar and O 2 . However, CO 2 capture from oxy-fuel combustion and integrated gasification combined cycle power plants will need to take into consideration the removal of non-condensables, acid gas species, and other contaminants. The actual level of CO 2 purity required will be dictated by a combination of transport and storage requirements, and process economics.

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Bromine as an ash forming element in a fluidised bed boiler combusting solid recovered fuel

Cited by 43 publications

References 36 publications

Characterisation and composition identification of waste-derived fuels obtained from municipal solid waste using thermogravimetry: A review

Characterisation and composition identification of waste-derived fuels obtained from municipal solid waste using thermogravimetry: A review

A comparison of PM exposure related to emission hotspots in a hot and humid urban environment: Concentrations, compositions, respiratory deposition, and potential health risks

The range and level of impurities in CO2 streams from different carbon capture sources

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