Bronchial artery to pulmonary artery fistula in a patient with cavitating tuberculosis—Demonstration with 4D CTA

Bronchial artery to pulmonary artery fistula initially misdiagnosed as pulmonary embolism: A case report

“…Bronchial artery communicates with pulmonary artery, pulmonary vein, azygos vein, their branches or tributaries [ 5 , 6 ]. These fistulas are commonly associated with lung transplant conditions such as severe COPD, malignancy, pulmonary fibrosis, trauma, radiation therapy, and perforations complicating pulmonary arterial catheterization (such as Swan-Ganz catheter insertion) [ [5] , [6] , [7] ]. Tuberculosis is the leading infectious cause of fistula formation [ 7 ].…”

“…These fistulas are commonly associated with lung transplant conditions such as severe COPD, malignancy, pulmonary fibrosis, trauma, radiation therapy, and perforations complicating pulmonary arterial catheterization (such as Swan-Ganz catheter insertion) [ [5] , [6] , [7] ]. Tuberculosis is the leading infectious cause of fistula formation [ 7 ]. Congenital etiology and BPAF following lymphoma treatment are rare [ 5 , 8 ].…”

“…Making the diagnosis and mapping arterial communications can be quite challenging [ 7 ]. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is routinely performed [ 7 ]. CT angiography (CTA) is also commonly utilized.…”

“…CT angiography (CTA) is also commonly utilized. CTA offers additional information including features of vascular architecture [ 7 ].…”