Brown Adipose Tissue

Klingenspor, Martin; Bast, Andrea; Bolze, Florian; Li, Yongguo; Maurer, Stefanie; Schweizer, Sabine; Willershäuser, Monja; Fromme, Tobias

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-52031-5_4

Cited by 27 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 285 publications

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“…When BAT cells are activated by sympathetic stimulation, UCP1 translocates protons from the mitochondrial intermembrane space to the matrix. Though the mechanism underlying this translocation remains a matter of debate (79), as in any mitochondria, this dissipation of the proton motive force stimulates flux through the ETS, thereby releasing more heat with virtually no ATP synthesis (162). Since 1997, there has been considerable research interest in mitochondrial proteins with varying degrees of similarity to UCP1.…”

Section: Endotherms In the Coldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic Flexibility: Hibernation, Torpor, and Estivation

Staples

2016

Comprehensive Physiology

136

116

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Many environmental conditions can constrain the ability of animals to obtain sufficient food energy, or transform that food energy into useful chemical forms. To survive extended periods under such conditions animals must suppress metabolic rate to conserve energy, water, or oxygen. Amongst small endotherms, this metabolic suppression is accompanied by and, in some cases, facilitated by a decrease in core body temperature-hibernation or daily torpor-though significant metabolic suppression can be achieved even with only modest cooling. Within some ectotherms, winter metabolic suppression exceeds the passive effects of cooling. During dry seasons, estivating ectotherms can reduce metabolism without changes in body temperature, conserving energy reserves, and reducing gas exchange and its inevitable loss of water vapor. This overview explores the similarities and differences of metabolic suppression among these states within adult animals (excluding developmental diapause), and integrates levels of organization from the whole animal to the genome, where possible. Several similarities among these states are highlighted, including patterns and regulation of metabolic balance, fuel use, and mitochondrial metabolism. Differences among models are also apparent, particularly in whether the metabolic suppression is intrinsic to the tissue or depends on the whole-animal response. While in these hypometabolic states, tissues from many animals are tolerant of hypoxia/anoxia, ischemia/reperfusion, and disuse. These natural models may, therefore, serve as valuable and instructive models for biomedical research.

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Section: Endotherms In the Coldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic Flexibility: Hibernation, Torpor, and Estivation

Staples

2016

Comprehensive Physiology

136

116

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“…This extraordinary respiration capacity is employed to dissipate heat. In a cold-acclimated rodent, thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) can contribute up to 50% of the total body heat production at rest, despite the tissue wet weight only representing 5% of total body mass (Foster and Frydman, 1979;Klingenspor et al, 2017). Brite adipocytes are brown-like adipocytes in respect to their cytoarchitecture, high respiration capacity and molecular signature; however, their contribution to whole-body thermogenesis may have been overestimated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-adrenergic control of lipolysis and thermogenesis in adipose tissues

Braun

Oeckl

Westermeier

et al. 2018

Journal of Experimental Biology

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The enormous plasticity of adipose tissues, to rapidly adapt to altered physiological states of energy demand, is under neuronal and endocrine control. In energy balance, lipolysis of triacylglycerols and re-esterification of free fatty acids are opposing processes operating in parallel at identical rates, thus allowing a more dynamic transition from anabolism to catabolism, and vice versa. In response to alterations in the state of energy balance, one of the two processes predominates, enabling the efficient mobilization or storage of energy in a negative or positive energy balance, respectively. The release of noradrenaline from the sympathetic nervous system activates lipolysis in a depot-specific manner by initiating the canonical adrenergic receptor-G s -protein-adenylyl cyclase-cyclic adenosine monophosphate-protein kinase A pathway, targeting proteins of the lipolytic machinery associated with the interface of the lipid droplets. In brown and brite adipocytes, lipolysis stimulated by this signaling pathway is a prerequisite for the activation of non-shivering thermogenesis. Free fatty acids released by lipolysis are direct activators of uncoupling protein 1-mediated leak respiration. Thus, pro-and anti-lipolytic mediators are bona fide modulators of thermogenesis in brown and brite adipocytes. In this Review, we discuss adrenergic and non-adrenergic mechanisms controlling lipolysis and thermogenesis and provide a comprehensive overview of pro-and anti-lipolytic mediators.

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“…LPL in BAT provide the fuel for nonshivering thermogenesis, and the expression of LPL mRNA and the activity of LPL enzyme in IBAT corroborate well. The expression of LPL mRNA starts early in conjunction with lactation and then declines slowly during the first few weeks following delivery, after which the expression of LPL mRNA declines slowly as there is less need for nonshivering thermogenesis [5][6]40,[40][41][42]. In the control IBAT, the expression of LPL mRNA followed this pattern.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…This process is accompanied by the growth and maturation of adipocyte precursor cells, which are filled with lipids and UC-mitochondria to join already mature adipocytes in nonshivering thermogenesis. This BAT activation process after delivery has been described as BAT recruitment and includes an up to 3-fold increase in BAT volume and weight, as well as increased adipocyte count, mitochondrial content, mitochondrial cristae surface area, mitochondrial enzymes, including UCP1, and oxidative, lipolytic and lipogenic capacity [5][6]. Similarly, the increased expression of UCP1 and increased nonshivering thermogenesis have been postulated as a mechanism to prevent/ control obesity [1][2]5,7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the discovery of nonshivering thermogenesis more than 50 years ago [8], substantial data have been generated regarding the effect of cold on the structure and function of brown adipocytes [3][4][5][6][7]. However, with the exception of a few sporadic studies that examined some aspects of young and adult animal behavior in a thermoneutral environment or BAT response in mature animals acclimated to a thermoneutral environment, there have been no detailed analyses of BAT in animals delivered and raised in a thermoneutral environment or in an elevated temperature environment that does not activate nonshivering thermogenesis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interscapular brown adipose tissue recruitment is hindered by a temperature environment of 33°C: Uncoupling protein-1 underexpression is not associated with obesity development in rats

Jurić-Lekić

Bedrica

Lonçar

2018

ARCH BIOL SCI BELGRA

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Brown adipose tissue (BAT) generates heat due to unique thermogenic UC-mitochondria, an event known as nonshivering thermogenesis. Cold, adrenergic agents, hormones, etc., activate nonshivering thermogenesis, resulting in lipid mobilization, an increase in the mitochondria and mitochondrial cristae, and increased uncoupling protein-1 (UCP1) expression and its incorporation into mitochondrial cristae. BAT precursor cells mature and contribute to BAT growth in a process known as BAT recruitment. For the first time, we herein report the effect of a thermoneutral environment of 33°C on interscapular BAT (IBAT) in rats delivered and raised at 33°C. The control animals were housed at 20°C. Thermoneutral IBAT was atrophic (73 mg vs. 191 mg) but with more adipocyte precursor cells; euthermia (37.6°C) was maintained without nonshivering thermogenesis. Although IBAT was inactive, the thermoneutral animals did not develop obesity, and on the contrary, the thermoneutral environment of 33°C hindered the rats' growth, weight (65 gm vs. 139 gm), volume (67 gm vs.136 gm) and length (12 cm vs. 16 cm). The thermoneutral brown adipocytes were smaller (7234 µm 3 vs. 9198 µm 3 ) with more lipids (4919 µm 3 vs. 4507 µm 3 ) and a smaller mitochondrial cristae area (52504 µm 2 vs. 61288 µm 2 /adipocyte). Lipoprotein lipase mRNA expression was 11% (vs. 58% in control) and UCP1 mRNA expression was 34% (vs. 93% control). UCP1 immunoelectron microscopic study detected 160 UCP1-gold particles (vs. 700 in control) per UC-mitochondrion; thermoneutral brown adipocytes had 9-fold fewer UCP1-gold particles (0.34x10 6 vs. 2.99x10 6 UCP1-gold particles), and thermoneutral UC-mitochondria developed specific intramitochondrial tubular inclusions.

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Brown Adipose Tissue

Cited by 27 publications

References 285 publications

Metabolic Flexibility: Hibernation, Torpor, and Estivation

Metabolic Flexibility: Hibernation, Torpor, and Estivation

Non-adrenergic control of lipolysis and thermogenesis in adipose tissues

Interscapular brown adipose tissue recruitment is hindered by a temperature environment of 33°C: Uncoupling protein-1 underexpression is not associated with obesity development in rats

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