BSA‐templated Pb Nanocluster as a Biocompatible Signaling Probe for Electrochemical EGFR Immunosensing

Abstract

1IntroductionIn recent years,e lectrochemical biosensors play an important role as detection devices in clinical diagnostic methods.E lectrochemical biosensors have several advantages consisting of simplicity of fabrication, shortr esponse time,l ow cost, high sensitivity,a nd miniaturizability. Based on these fascinating advantages, electrochemical biosensors are going to be in the leading place of the future detection platform at different medical centers [ 1]. In this way,the introduction of new detection labels to replace the ones employed so far is considered as one of the main concerns in this field.Because of the uniqueo ptical, electronic, and mechanical properties,n anomaterials as potent entries in the field of biosensors have attracted considerable attentions in the last two decades [2].V ariousnanostructured materials including noble metal, metal oxide,s emiconductor,a nd hybrid nanoparticles,a sw ell as carbon-based,b iomolecular, and polymeric nanostructures are frequently reported in literature [ 3].T he use of biomacromolecules is av ery appealing strategyf or the synthesis of nanomaterials.A numbero fp roteins with various structuresh ave been used as templates for the synthesis of nanostructures. Amongd ifferent protein structures,n ano-sized cage-like proteins have an internal space that can be employed for encapsulating metal ions asw ell as the other guest molecules.T here are many reports in literature on applying metal-encapsulatedc age-like proteins asa ne lectrochemical probef or bio-analytical detections [4].A mongt he variousn anostructures, metal nanoclusters (NCs) enjoy au nique position because of their distinct properties and potential applications.U nlike encapsulation of metal nanoparticles inside protein cages, NCsa re fluorescenceactive,t hus,a re commonly used as optical probes for the detection of analytes [5].N Cs are almost monodispersed particles consisting of several to tens of atoms less than 2nmi nd iameter with the molecular-like properties of Abstract:W er eport here an ew electrochemical probe for the development of as ensitive,a nd selective sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). The probe is an ewly synthesized bovine seruma lbumin (BSA)-templated Pb nanocluster (Pb NC @BSA). Forf abrication of the immunosensor,w ee mployed streptavidincoated magnetic beads (MB) as ap latform for immobilization of the biotinylatedp rimary antibody (Ab 1 ), and utilizedt he Pb NC @BSAc onjugated to secondary antibody (Ab 2 )a sas ignaling probe. After sandwiching the target protein between Ab 1 and Ab 2 ,w ed issolved Pb NC @BSA into an acid, and recorded squarew ave anodic stripping voltammetric (SWASV) signal of the Pb ions as an ana-lytical signal for quantificationo ft he EGFR.T he immunosensor responded linearly towards EGFR within the range of 0.4 ng/mL to 35 ng/mL, with ad etection limit of 8pg/mL. Thei mmunosensor displayed good sensitivity, selectivity,s tability,a nd reproducibility,a nd proved suitable for d...

Microbe‐Mediated Biosynthesis of Multidimensional Carbon‐Based Materials for Energy Storage Applications

“…with negative charged functional groups also showed high adsorption abilities to metal oxides. [ 110,112 ] Tao et al. [ 29 ] utilized BSA protein composed of 607 amino acids as a template to interact with iron metal ions in virtue of abundant functional groups including NH 2 , COOH, OH, and SH.…”

“…In detail, the surface of microorganisms/proteins is composed of proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides with numerous functional groups, such as carboxyl group, hydroxyl group, phosphoacyl group, amide group, sulfate group, amino group, and sulfhydryl group, which can adsorb metal ions to form the metal complex precursors. [110] After the facial calcination of the precursors, the microorganisms/proteins derived carbon/inorganic nanomaterials are finally obtained. For instance, Zhang et al [89] studied the bioadsorption ability to Fe 3+ of yeasts cells from iron ion solution based on Langmuir biosorption isotherms, which stand for theoretical management of nonlinear bioadsorption.…”

“…with negative charged functional groups also showed high adsorption abilities to metal oxides. [110,112] Tao et al [29] utilized BSA protein composed of 607 amino acids as a template to interact with iron metal ions in virtue of abundant functional groups including NH 2 , COOH, OH, and SH. Additionally, the adsorbed iron ions could also promote the self-assemble behavior to obtain a confined protein cage nanoreactor, thus forming uniform carbon particles with controlled morphology (Figure 5i).…”

Cadmium nanocluster as a safe nanocarrier: biodistribution in BALB/c mice and application to carry crocin to breast cancer cell lines

“…Among the nanomaterials, metal nanoclusters are a relatively new nanocarrier class that has attracted much attention for their unique properties [4,8]. They were used as nanocarriers of some anticancer drugs, fluorescent probes in cellular imaging [9][10][11], and nano-biosensor [10]. Combining the specific ligands against cancer cell surface receptors in these nanoclusters can also be applied in targeted drug delivery systems [12].…”

“…Following the previous works, a cadmium nanocluster (Cd-NC) was synthesized based on bovine serum albumin (BSA, Cd-NC@BSA). As a capping agent, BSA converts Cd 2+ to the metallic Cd atom and then to the nanocluster (Cd-NC) [9]. Therefore, its biocompatibility and safety was studied both in vitro and in vivo before it was applied for delivering the anticancer compound to a panel of breast cancer cell lines.…”