Bulk crystal growth and characterization of 2.5–5.0 µm mid-infrared laser crystals

Abstract

Mid-infrared waveband lasers have demonstrated important applications in the fields of atmosphere pollution monitoring, gas flow monitoring, ocean detection, laser medicine, military confrontation and basic scientific researches etc. In this paper, we review the research development of bulk crystal growth, physicochemical, spectral and laser properties of 2.5-5.0 μm waveband mid-infrared laser crystals in recent years. A serial of gallate and aluminate crystals with low phonon energy were grown by the Czochralski method, such as Er 3+ activated and rare earth ions co-doped Gd3Ga5O12(GGG), SrGdGa3O7, SrLaGa3O7, CaYAlO4 and CaGdAlO4 crystals, Ho 3+ activated and rare earth ions co-doped GGG crystals, as well as Dy 3+ :YAlO3 crystals, and 2.5-3.4 μm waveband emissions were obtained in these crystals. High quality Dy 3+ :KPb2Cl5, Cr 2+ :CdSe and Cr 2+ :Fe 2+ :CdSe crystals were grown by the Bridgman method, and 2.5-5.0 μm waveband emissions were obtained in these crystals. The physicochemical and spectral properties of the above crystals were studied systematically, with focus on analyses of the concentration effect of activated ions Er 3+ , the sensitization mechanism of the co-dopant sensitized ions and the impact of the depopulated ions on the inhibition of self-termination effect. The fluorescence dynamic of the activated ions within the mid-infrared waveband, the energy transfer efficiencies between activated ions and co-dopant sensitization ions, as well as between the activated ions and co-dopant depopulation ions were calculated, and the energy transfer mechanism was discussed. Based on the results of spectroscopic investigations, the concentrations of Er 3+ , the types and the concentrations the co-dopant sensitization ions were optimized in different kinds of crystals. The laser properties of Er 3+ activated GGG, CaYAlO4 crystals were presented. Finally, 2.7-2.8 µm multi-wavelength CW or pulsed lasers were achieved in Er:GGG, Er,Pr:GGG and Er:GGG/GGG composite crystals end-pumped by 965 nm LD or in Cr,Er:YSGG crystals by Xenon lamp, furthermore, the single longitudinal mode microchip laser was achieved in Er:GGG crystal for the first time. mid-infrared laser crystals, crystal growth, spectral properties, laser properties, sensitization mechanism, energy transfer