“…The MAPK p38 is also activated downstream of TLR signaling and shown to regulate IL-10 production by these cells (Yi et al, 2002;Chi et al, 2006;Kim et al, 2008). Several transcription factors known to regulate the transcription of the Il10 gene in macrophages and DCs are activated downstream of ERK1/2 or p38, as is the case for cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), cyclic AMPdependent transcription factor 1 (ATF1), cFos, and Sp1 (reviewed in Saraiva and O'Garra, 2010;Rutz and Ouyang, 2016;Gabryšová et al, 2018;Ouyang and O'Garra, 2019). Cooperation between ERK and p38 activates the mitogen-and stressactivated protein kinase 1 (MSK1) and MSK2, which promote IL-10 production in TLR4-stimulated macrophages, through the transcription factors CREB and ATF1 (Ananieva et al, 2008).…”