C‐S cross‐coupling reaction using novel and green synthesized CuO nanoparticles assisted by Euphorbia maculata extract

Abstract

In the present study, biosynthesis of CuO nanoparticles using a rapid, eco‐friendly, cost‐effective and efficient method has been reported employing aqueous Euphorbia maculata extract as mild, renewable and non‐toxic reducing and capping agents without adding any surfactants. The biogenic and green method has some benefits compared to conventional physical and chemical methods. It is simple, cheap and environmentally friendly. The biosynthesized CuO NP displayed a color change pattern (from sky blue to black) on preparation and presented its respective broad peak at 365 nm, which was analyzed by UV–Vis spectroscopy. Using the FT‐IR analysis, biomolecules in E. maculata extract which are responsible for bioreduction activity and synthesize of CuO NP, were identified. The XRD, EDX and FESEM results confirmed the successful synthesis of CuO nanoparticles of 18 nm sizes, with spherical and sponge crystal structure. The catalytic activity of biosynthesized CuO NPs was studied in C‐S cross‐coupling reaction. This method has the advantages of high yields, easy work‐up, and simple reusability. The recovered CuO NP can be reused four times without any considerable loss of its catalytic activity.

Efficient Sonogashira and A3 coupling reactions catalyzed by biosynthesized magnetic Fe3O4@Ni nanoparticles from Euphorbia maculata extract

“…The production of reusable and effective heterogeneous catalysts using catalytically immobilized active species on a solid support has previously been reported . Synthesis of NPs is possible by means of chemical, physical and biological techniques . Although there are drawbacks such as long reaction times, high temperatures, difficult and hazardous reaction conditions, and low yields, the use of toxic and expensive capping agents and utilization of organic solvents, which can lead to environmental pollution, are still challenges in most of chemical physical techniques .…”

“…Unique properties arise from particularly high surface to volume ratio . However, the green methods in the synthesis of metal oxide NPs are both cost effective and eco‐friendly . Thus, these methods have gained much attention …”

“…[6] Synthesis of NPs is possible by means of chemical, physical and biological techniques. [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] Although there are drawbacks such as long reaction times, high temperatures, difficult and hazardous reaction conditions, and low yields, the use of toxic and expensive capping agents and utilization of organic solvents, which can lead to environmental pollution, are still challenges in most of chemical physical techniques. [8,9] Therefore, it is essential to develop new approaches for the synthesis of nanoparticles.…”

“…[19] However, the green methods in the synthesis of metal oxide NPs are both cost effective and eco-friendly. [10] Thus, these methods have gained much attention. [11][12][13][14] The synthesis of MNPs and metal oxide NPs using green techniques requires plants or plant extracts.…”

Morphology-Dependent Ullmann C-O Arylation Using Cu2O Nanocrystals

“…Another stable Cu-containing catalyst successfully used for a variety of different crosscoupling reactions with broad functional group compatibility is chitosan@Cu 2 O [10], as well as Cu-Cu 2 O/C and CuO-Cu 2 O/C [11], prepared from the carbonisation of Cu-BTC-MOF under an N 2 atmosphere. There have also been some interesting reports on the environmentally friendly preparation of Cu-oxide nanoparticles for catalytic purposes, using Euphorbia maculata [12], Convolvulus persicus L. [13], and Gum Arabic [14].…”