C1 Esterase Inhibitor Reduces BBB Leakage and Apoptosis in the Hypoxic Developing Mouse Brain

Multi-organ characterisation of B-esterases in the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax): Effects of the insecticide fipronil at two temperatures

“…In the present study, although caspases were not measured, B-esterase activity increases may be related to apoptosis as revealed in zebrafish larvae exposed to fipronil (Park, 2020). Recent evidence of the link between fipronil effects and CE activity patterns comes from a study by Jung et al (2020) that revealed that the administration of a CE inhibitor reversed apoptosis in mouse brain. Further evidence on fipronil toxicity, comes from the biotransformation of fipronil into fipronil sulfone (considered a more toxic metabolite) over time in bile, as well as an oxidative stress condition that persistent even after depuration (Dallarés et al, 2020).…”

Hydroxysafflor yellow A acutely attenuates blood-brain barrier permeability, oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in traumatic brain injury in rats1

“…Tight junctions proteins (TJPs) are critical to the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), including the occludin, claudin and zonula occludens protein (ZO-1) [4][5][6] . Overexpression of the occluding and claudin in TJ strands of endothelial cells can be contributed to increase BBB integrity 7,8 .…”

“…Overexpression of the occluding and claudin in TJ strands of endothelial cells can be contributed to increase BBB integrity 7,8 . Moreover, inflammation and oxidative stress both involved in changing BBB integrity against TBI 4 , especially several activated proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1, which could reduce the level of TJPs or accelerate junctional disintegration of endothelia claudin and occludin under various neuroinflammatory disease, thereby increasing the BBB permeability 8,9 . Therefore, an effective therapeutic strategy that can alleviate the brain damage against TBI through inhibiting oxidative stress, inflammatory, increase the BBB integrity and recovery functions is urgently needed.…”