Cadmium and lead content in several brands of rice grains (Oryza sativa) in central Iran

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) content of several commercially available brands of rice grains (Oryza sativa) in central Iran. A total of 67 samples of the most widely consumed brands of rice grains were purchased from local bazaar markets in Shahrekord, Iran. The first step, grains of raw rice were digested by acid digestion method and then were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometer. The results showed that Cd concentration in rice grains ranged from 0.0378 to 0.1225 ppm dry weight and its average concentration was 0.062 ± 0.019 ppm and Pb content ranged from 0.0405 to 0.1281 ppm dry weight and its average concentration was 0.068 ± 0.0185 ppm. Cd and Pb concentrations in the sampled rice grains were lower in comparison with their upper limits (0.2 and 0.2 ppm for Cd and Pb, respectively) approved by food sanitary standard. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is no health problems due to the consumption of brands of rice grains, for these two elements. The results indicated that weekly intake of Cd and Pb from rice grains was below the provisional tolerable weekly intakes recommended by WHO/FAO.

Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Rice to the Population in Zhejiang, China

“…The result was similar with the report by Qian et al [28], who observed the mean level of 0.050 mg/kg ( n =  712) in China. A survey of Iran rice found a mean level of 0.062 mg/kg ( n  = 67) [29]. In Turkey, 0.031 mg/kg ( n =  25) were found in rice [24].…”

A systematic review on status of lead pollution and toxicity in Iran; Guidance for preventive measures

“…They found that lead concentration in the sampled rice grains was lower in comparison with their upper limits (0. 2 ppm)[79]. …”

Strong positive association of traditional Asian-style diets with blood cadmium and lead levels in the Korean adult population

“…The ORs for blood cadmium levels were highest in the high rice consumption group (OR = 1.817), even more than that for shellfish (OR = 1.529). Other studies have also reported that rice can be a major source of cadmium and lead, especially in Southeast Asia (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 1999;AlRmalli et al 2012;Jiang et al 2012;Shakerian et al 2012). In Bangladeshi people, this is mainly due to the very high intake of rice and vegetables and lower consumption of animal products that are low in Cd (Al-Rmalli et al 2012;Jiang et al 2012).…”

“…Contamination with cadmium and lead in humans is known to be the result of occupational exposure and various lifestyle factors such as smoking and consuming certain foods (Pan et al 2010). Some studies have determined that the consumption of rice and shellfish increases blood cadmium and lead levels (Jiang et al 2012;Al-Rmalli et al 2012;Shakerian et al 2012). In the present study, we determined which food groups modified blood cadmium and lead levels in the Korean population using KNHANES IV and V. This is the first study to investigate how all major food categories are associated with blood cadmium and lead levels in the Korean population.…”

“…In Bangladeshi people, this is mainly due to the very high intake of rice and vegetables and lower consumption of animal products that are low in Cd (Al-Rmalli et al 2012;Jiang et al 2012). Shakerian et al (2012) showed that the levels of cadmium and lead can vary from 0.0378 to 0.1225 ppm and 0.040 to 0.1281 ppm, respectively, in several different types of rice (Oryza sativa) in Iran, but they do not exceed the upper limits for cadmium (0.2 ppm) and lead (0.2 ppm) assigned by food sanitary standards. However, the cadmium and lead levels of rice must be regulated in southeast Asian countries because their people consume rice at >250 g/day, making it the most highly consumed food on a daily basis.…”