Cadmium in Groundwater Consumed in the Rural Areas of Gonabad and Bajestan, Iran: Occurrence and Health Risk Assessment

et al. 2020

BMC Nephrol

Background: Excess cadmium (Cd) intake poses a general risk to health and to the kidneys in particular. Among indices of renal dysfunction under Cd burden measures are the urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosidase (UNAG) and urinary β 2-microglobulin (Uβ 2-MG) enzymes. However, the end-pointed values and the Cd burden threshold remain controversial because the scopes fluctuate widely. Methods: To ascertain the clinical benchmark dose of urinary Cd (UCd) burden for renal dysfunction, 1595 residents near a Cd site were surveyed. Urine was sampled and assayed. A benchmark dose low (BMDL) was obtained by fitting UCd levels and index levels. Results: We found that over 50% of the subjects were suffering from Cd exposure as their UCd levels far exceeded the national standard threshold of 5.000 μg/g creatinine (cr). Further analysis indicated that Uβ 2-MG was more sensitive than UNAG for renal dysfunction. The BMDL for UCd was estimated as 3.486 U/g cr (male, where U is unit of enzyme) and 2.998 U/g cr (female) for UNAG. The BMDL for Uβ 2-MG, which is released into urine from glomerulus after Cd exposure, was found to be 2.506 μg/g cr (male, where μg is the unit of microglobulin) and 2.236 μg/g cr (female). Conclusions: Uβ 2-MG is recommended as the sensitivity index for renal dysfunction, with 2.2 μg/g cr as the threshold for clinical diagnosis. Our findings suggest that Uβ 2-MG is the better biomarker for exposure to Cd.

“…Exposure to excess Cd may pose health risks [33,34]. Clinically ascertaining threshold concentrations of UCd is greatly important and aids understanding of the health risks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An assessment of sensitivity biomarkers for urinary cadmium burden

et al. 2020

BMC Nephrol

“…Exposure to excess Cd may pose health risks [31,32]. Clinically ascertaining threshold concentrations of UCd is greatly important and aids understanding of the health risks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An assessment of sensitivity biomarkers for urinary cadmium burden

et al. 2020

Preprint

“…Among them, CDI indicates the chronic daily intake per unit weight [13], Cw is the average pollution concentration in water [14], IR is the water intake of human body, BW is the average body weight. The estimated values [15] are shown in Table 1 below.…”

Section: Drinking Water Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

The analysis of groundwater nitrate pollution and health risk assessment in rural areas of Yantai, China

Yu¹,

Liu³

et al. 2020

BMC Public Health

116

Background: Nitrate is one of the most common chemical contaminants of groundwater, and it is an important unqualified factor of rural groundwater in Yantai. In order to assess the risk of exposure to drinking water nitrate for adults and juveniles, in recent years, we monitored the nitrate concentrations in rural drinking water,a model was also used to assess the human health risk of nitrate pollution in groundwater. Methods: From the year 2015 to 2018, the drinking water in rural areas of Yantai was tested according to the "Sanitary Standard for Drinking Water" (GB5749-2006). The principal component analysis was used to analyze the relationship between groundwater chemicals and nitrate. The model was used to assess human health risks of groundwater nitrate through the drinking water and skin contact. Results: A total of 2348 samples were tested during the year 2015-2018.Nitrate and total dissolved solids, total hardness, chloride are all relevant, the above indicators may come from the same source of pollution; The median nitrate content (C EXP50) was 17.8 mg / L; the risk of exposure in each group was ranked as: Juveniles > Adult female > Adult male;the median health risk (HQ 50) for minors and adults exceed 1. Conclusions: The concentrations of nitrate is stable and does not change over time. The high concentration of nitrate in rural areas of Yantai may be the result of the interaction of fertilizers and geological factors. The risk of exposure to nitrate in juveniles and adults is above the limit, so it is necessary to be on the alert for the high levels of nitrate.