Calcified tissue histochemistry: from microstructures to nanoparticles

Bonucci, E.

doi:10.4081/921

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 149 publications

(132 reference statements)

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“…The in vivo situation is much more complex than the in vitro model experiments suggest, and relatively few biomineralization discussions include the problem of the Ca and PO 4 delivery to the mineralization front, although such discussions have appeared since the pioneering studies of Bonnucci, [44, 45], Anderson [46, 47], Lehninger [48] and Greenwalt et al [49] regarding the role of the mitochondria in taking in large amounts of Ca and phosphate ions, accumulating them and delivering calcium phosphate in membrane bound vesicles (Matrix Vesicles, MV) to the extracellular spaces of mineralizing cartilage and bone. The mechanisms by which vesicles may be broken open, and their mineral contents transferred and localized to the collagen are still a subject of current study and debate [50].…”

Section: Delivery Of Ca and Po4 Ions To The Mineralization Frontmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomineralization Mechanisms: A New Paradigm for Crystal Nucleation in Organic Matrices

2012

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There is substantial practical interest in the mechanism by which the carbonated apatite of bone mineral can be initiated specifically in a matrix. The current literature is replete with studies aimed at mimicking the properties of vertebrate bone, teeth and other hard tissues by creating organic matrices that can be mineralized in vitro, and either functionally substitute for bone on a permanent basis, or serve as a temporary structure that can be replaced by normal remodeling processes. A key element in this is mineralization of an implant with the matrix and mineral disposed in the proper orientations and relationships. This review examines the pathway to crystallization from a supersaturated calcium phosphate solution in vitro, focusing on the basic mechanistic questions concerning mineral nucleation and growth. Since bone and dentin mineral forms within collagenous matricies we consider how the in vitro crystallization mechanisms might or might not be applicable to understanding the in vivo processes of biomineralization in bone and dentin. We propose that the pathway to crystallization from the calcium phosphate supersaturated tissue fluids involves the formation of a dense liquid phase of first-layer bound-water hydrated calcium and phosphate ions in which the crystallization is nucleated. SIBLING proteins and their in vitro analogs such as polyaspartic acids, have similar dense liquid first-layer bound water surfaces which interact with the dense liquid calcium phosphate nucleation clusters and modulate the rate of crystallization within the bone and dentin collagen fibril matrix.

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Section: Delivery Of Ca and Po4 Ions To The Mineralization Frontmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomineralization Mechanisms: A New Paradigm for Crystal Nucleation in Organic Matrices

2012

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“…The advantages and limitations of techniques used to examine biomineralization were reviewed by Bonucci [ 149 ]. He commented that many of the shortcomings of these techniques stem from the intimate inorganic and organic associations in bone that mask each other unless the sample is decalcified.…”

Section: Biologically Controlled Apatite Nucleation In Vivomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…He commented that many of the shortcomings of these techniques stem from the intimate inorganic and organic associations in bone that mask each other unless the sample is decalcified. Unfortunately, many decalcification processes disrupt the matrix [ 149 ]. This observation highlights one of the major challenges in studying biologically controlled apatite nucleation.…”

Section: Biologically Controlled Apatite Nucleation In Vivomentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Phosphate Mineral Nucleation in Biology and Geobiology

et al. 2013

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Relationships between geological phosphorite deposition and biological apatite nucleation have often been overlooked. However, similarities in biological apatite and phosphorite mineralogy suggest that their chemical formation mechanisms may be similar. This review serves to draw parallels between two newly described phosphorite mineralization processes, and proposes a similar novel mechanism for biologically controlled apatite mineral nucleation. This mechanism integrates polyphosphate biochemistry with crystal nucleation theory. Recently, the roles of polyphosphates in the nucleation of marine phosphorites were discovered. Marine bacteria and diatoms have been shown to store and concentrate inorganic phosphate (Pi) as amorphous, polyphosphate granules. Subsequent release of these P reserves into the local marine environment as Pi results in biologically induced phosphorite nucleation. Pi storage and release through an intracellular polyphosphate intermediate may also occur in mineralizing oral bacteria. Polyphosphates may be associated with biologically controlled apatite nucleation within vertebrates and invertebrates. Historically, biological apatite nucleation has been attributed to either a biochemical increase in local Pi concentration or matrix-mediated apatite nucleation control. This review proposes a mechanism that integrates both theories. Intracellular and extracellular amorphous granules, rich in both calcium and phosphorus, have been observed in apatite-biomineralizing vertebrates, protists, and atremate brachiopods. These granules may represent stores of calcium-polyphosphate. Not unlike phosphorite nucleation by bacteria and diatoms, polyphosphate depolymerization to Pi would be controlled by phosphatase activity. Enzymatic polyphosphate depolymerization would increase apatite saturation to the level required for mineral nucleation, while matrix proteins would simultaneously control the progression of new biological apatite formation.

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Bions: A Family of Biomimetic Mineralo-Organic Complexes Derived from Biological Fluids

Young²,

Young³

et al. 2013

PLoS ONE

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Mineralo-organic nanoparticles form spontaneously in human body fluids when the concentrations of calcium and phosphate ions exceed saturation. We have shown previously that these mineralo-organic nanoparticles possess biomimetic properties and can reproduce the whole phenomenology of the so-called nanobacteria—mineralized entities initially described as the smallest microorganisms on earth. Here, we examine the possibility that various charged elements and ions may form mineral nanoparticles with similar properties in biological fluids. Remarkably, all the elements tested, including sodium, magnesium, aluminum, calcium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, strontium, and barium form mineralo-organic particles with bacteria-like morphologies and other complex shapes following precipitation with phosphate in body fluids. Upon formation, these mineralo-organic particles, which we term bions, invariably accumulate carbonate apatite during incubation in biological fluids; yet, the particles also incorporate additional elements and thus reflect the ionic milieu in which they form. Bions initially harbor an amorphous mineral phase that gradually converts to crystals in culture. Our results show that serum produces a dual inhibition-seeding effect on bion formation. Using a comprehensive proteomic analysis, we identify a wide range of proteins that bind to these mineral particles during incubation in medium containing serum. The two main binding proteins identified, albumin and fetuin-A, act as both inhibitors and seeders of bions in culture. Notably, bions possess several biomimetic properties, including the possibility to increase in size and number and to be sub-cultured in fresh culture medium. Based on these results, we propose that bions represent biological, mineralo-organic particles that may form in the body under both physiological and pathological homeostasis conditions. These mineralo-organic particles may be part of a physiological cycle that regulates the function, transport and disposal of elements and minerals in the human body.

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Calcified tissue histochemistry: from microstructures to nanoparticles

Cited by 3 publications

References 149 publications

Biomineralization Mechanisms: A New Paradigm for Crystal Nucleation in Organic Matrices

Biomineralization Mechanisms: A New Paradigm for Crystal Nucleation in Organic Matrices

A Review of Phosphate Mineral Nucleation in Biology and Geobiology

Bions: A Family of Biomimetic Mineralo-Organic Complexes Derived from Biological Fluids

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