Calcium and Magnesium in Drinking Water as Risk Factors for Ischemic Heart Disease

Stevanović, Slavica; Nikolic, Maja; Ilic, M. Deljanin

doi:10.15244/pjoes/68563

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Three studies were found from Iran [25,41,42], two from Japan [43,44], and one each from Canada [45], India [11], Taiwan [46], South Africa [47], Pakistan [48], and Samoa [49], respectively. There were 17 studies from European countries: Slovakia [12], Hungary [38], Bosnia and Herzegovina [22], Netherlands [50], United Kingdom [33,34], Sweden [39,[51][52][53][54][55], Spain [56], Finland [57,58], France [13,59], Italy [60,61], and Serbia [62]. These studies differed in design.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Relationship between Mortality from Cardiovascular Diseases and Total Drinking Water Hardness: Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

Bykowska-Derda,

Spychala,

Czlapka-Matyasik

et al. 2023

Foods

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Background: Interest in water chemical activity, its content, and its impact on human health has greatly increased throughout the last decade. Some studies suggest that drinking water with high hardness may have preventative effects on cardiovascular diseases. This study aims to investigate the association between drinking water hardness and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. Methods: The study selection process was designed to find the association between drinking water hardness and CVDs mortality. The search included both qualitative and quantitative research and was performed in three databases: Web of Science (Clarivate Analytics, Ann Arbor, MI, USA), PubMed (National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MA, USA), and Scopus (Elsevier, RELX Group plc, London, UK). The project was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), registration number: CRD42020213102. Results: Seventeen studies out of a total of twenty-five studies qualitatively analyzed indicated a significant relation between total water hardness and protection from CVD mortality. The quantitative analysis concluded that high drinking water hardness has a significantly lowering effect on mortality from CVDs, however, the heterogeneity was high. Conclusions: This systematic literature review shows that total water hardness could affect CVD prevention and mortality. Due to the many confounding factors in the studies, more research is needed.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Water hardness was also associated with a lower risk of hypertension [25]. Calcium water content, in turn, was associated with a lower risk of acute myocardial infarction [51] and ischemic heart disease [62].…”

Section: Hard Water and Prevention From Cvdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship between Mortality from Cardiovascular Diseases and Total Drinking Water Hardness: Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

Bykowska-Derda,

Spychala,

Czlapka-Matyasik

et al. 2023

Foods

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“…80% of the nineteen boreholes reported total hardness above the recommended limit of 500 mg/L (SAZS 560:1997 Table 3. There is evidence from epidemiological studies for a protective effect of magnesium or hardness on cardiovascular mortality Stevanovic et al, {2017). Therefore despite the other risks such as E. coli contamination and elevated sodium levels in borehole water, the water may be of benefit as source of magnesium and calcium which can protect from cardio vascular disease and are also necessary in bone and teeth development in humans.…”

Section: Turbidity Total Dissolved Solids and Conductivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing water quality and its relationship to selected disease patterns in Zvishavane Town, Zimbabwe

Muleya¹,

Nyomombe²,

Maphosa³

et al. 2020

Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management

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The research intended to establish the relationship between Zvishavane domestic water quality and selected disease patterns. Total levels of coliform, Escherichia Coli, chemical and other physical parameter levels in samples from selected water sources during the period March 2018 to January 2019 were evaluated. Zimbabwe National Water Authority (ZINWA) commercial laboratory methods were used to analyze thirty one randomly selected sources. This quantitative research results were compared with recommended limits from Standard Association of Zimbabwe (SAZS 560:1997) and World Health Organization (WHO).Five water sources had coliform counts ranging from < 1 to 55 cfu per 100 ml and Escherichia Coli from < 1 to 28 cfu per 100 ml. Chloride levels of above 200 mg/L were obtained from eight borehole water sources. Levels of selected heavy metal ions were within the SAZS 560:1997 maximum allowable limits in all water samples. Sample levels for Mg 2+ (29 %) and total hardness (32%) were above the maximum allowable levels. Tap water samples were within recommended limits for all measured parameters. Hypertension was first among the chronic disease conditions while diarrhoea and dysentery ranked second of the outpatient general diseases attended to at the Zvishavane District Hospital during 2018. 66 neonatal death were reported during the same time period. Zvishavane domestic water require research based pre-treatment methods before drinking. There is a possible link between the quality of water and the disease patterns. However these observations require further epidemiological studies to confirm the link.

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“…The water intake facilities studied are operated under the conditions of compliance with the mode of source water sanitary protection zones according to SanPiN 2.1.4.1110-02 (assessed 'satisfactory' for all settlements by the relevant scale, W 2 = 0) 9 . Laboratory control of drinking water conditions is carried out in accordance with SanPiN 2.1.4.1074-01 (assessed 'satisfactory' for all residential locations by the relevant scale, W 7 = 0) 10 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All parameters of the drinking water physiological full-value condition were below the optimal values. Consumption of too «soft» drinking water without taking the additional sources of calcium and magnesium may be one of the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases [9][10][11].…”

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confidence: 99%

Hygienic assessment of drinking water from underground water sources taken from centralized water supply systems on Island Russkiy

Богданова¹,

Кику²,

Кислицына³

et al. 2020

Health Risk Analysis

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Drinking water is a leading environmental and hygienic factor that influences population health as it tends to contain a lot of chemicals, both natural and anthropogenic in their origin.Our research goal was to hygienically assess drinking water from underground water sources taken from centralized water supply systems on Island Russiky.Research object. We hygienically assessed quality of water supply on Island Russkiy (Primorye) in 2017-2019 as per 33 sanitary-chemical and 3 microbiological parameters at three stages: water from underground sources (120 samples); water at pump stations (138 samples); water taken from distribution network (204 samples).Data and methods. The first stage in hygienic assessment of drinking water was performed as per methodical guidelines provided by F.F. Erisman's Federal Scientific Center for Hygiene «Assessment of sanitary-epidemiologic reliability of centralized drinking water supply systems» (MG 2.1.4-2370-08). The second stage involved calculating reflex-olfactor, chronic non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic effects and integral assessment of drinking water taken from centralized water supply systems as per chemical safety parameters .Basic results. We detected that drinking water quality most significantly deteriorated as per its microbiological and organoleptic parameters during transportation, and it made the greatest contribution into sanitary-epidemiologic ill-being of centralized drinking water supply systems. We revealed that non-carcinogenic risks and reflex-olfactor impacts exceeded their acceptable levels. Our analysis also revealed that physiologically insufficient iron contents and water turbidity were priority factors that predetermined poor quality of drinking water. Chemical structure of drinking water didn't cause any significant threats for population health; however, it is necessary to reconstruct water supply systems and eliminate deficiency of macro-and micro-elements in drinking water due to additional sources of their supply.

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Calcium and Magnesium in Drinking Water as Risk Factors for Ischemic Heart Disease

Cited by 6 publications

References 19 publications

The Relationship between Mortality from Cardiovascular Diseases and Total Drinking Water Hardness: Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

The Relationship between Mortality from Cardiovascular Diseases and Total Drinking Water Hardness: Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis

Assessing water quality and its relationship to selected disease patterns in Zvishavane Town, Zimbabwe

Hygienic assessment of drinking water from underground water sources taken from centralized water supply systems on Island Russkiy

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