Calcium diglyceroxide catalyzed biodiesel production from waste cooking oil in the presence of microwave: Optimization and kinetic studies

Valorization of Food and Agricultural Waste: A Step towards Greener Future

“…As compared to the above‐mentioned ultrasound synthesis, microwave irradiation clearly enhanced the rate of transesterification reaction. Higher yield of biodiesel was obtained due to rapid mixing of heterogeneous phase and uniform heating of reaction medium . Similarly in another work by our group on WCO, sonochemical reactors were employed for biodiesel generation by transesterification reaction of frying oil using a homogenous catalyst (KOH).…”

“…Higher yield of biodiesel was obtained due to rapid mixing of heterogeneous phase and uniform heating of reaction medium. [81] Similarly in another work by our group on WCO, sonochemical reactors were employed for biodiesel generation by transesterification reaction of frying oil using a homogenous catalyst (KOH). It can be concluded that cavitation phenomenon enabled to create an effective environment to accelerate mass transfer in R D 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 the reaction so that the rate of transesterification significantly enhanced.…”

Study of Solid Calcium Diglyceroxide for Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil Using a High Speed Homogenizer

“…The calcium diglyceroxide was synthesized using the mixture of calcium oxide (9.0 g), methanol (132.0 g) and glycerol (30.0 g) in the same mass ratio (1:14.667:3.333) as in the literature [15]. This mixture was placed into a reactor and mixed evenly through a homogenizer with a rotation speed of 7000 rpm at 60 ℃ for 90 min.…”

“…Compared with CaO, CaDG shows higher catalytic activity because the presence of basic oxyanions, formed due to the interruption of the surface crystal structure, which can easily extract protons from the OH groups of methanol and form methoxide ion on the surface [14]. Gupta et al [15] investigated microwave assisted transesterification of WCO using CaDG as a catalyst. The reusability of the heterogeneous catalyst (CaDG) was reported that after the first run, the catalytic activity of CaDG decreased gradually for consecutive cycles.…”

“…In the second and third cycles, the yields fell to 91.55% and 87.64%, respectively. In the fourth cycle, a yield of 79.45% was observed, which was significantly reduced due to the aggregation of the catalyst and decreased surface area and pore volume [15]. Since the fraction of the cations in calcium diglyceroxide is much less than that in the conventional calcium-based catalyst, a reduction in waste and saponification has been noted [16].…”