Calcium hydroxide pastes: classification and clinical indications

Abstract

REVIEW ARTICLE: Calcium hydroxide has been used in endodontology for many years. The aim of this paper is to review the various formulations of calcium hydroxide that have been described, with specific reference to the vehicle used to carry the compound. The requirements for a vehicle are described, and ex vivo and in vivo studies reviewed. Vehicles can be classified into aqueous, viscous and oily, the clinical properties of calcium hydroxide changing depending on the vehicle. The review also describes the use of various active components that have been added to calcium hydroxide, including antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agents. This review will help clinicians to make informed judgements about which formulations of calcium hydroxide should be used for specific endodontic procedures.

Cardiopulmonary Effects of Trendelenburg Positioning in Robotic Assisted Radical Cystectomy

“…RARC offers a number of potential advantages to traditional open radical cystectomy, including reduction of perioperative bleeding and pain while maintaining oncological results and efficacy [3,4,19,20]. As a result, RARC has been increasingly utilized in the management of muscle invasive bladder cancer [1,2].…”

“…Compared to conventional open cystectomy, RARC offers the potential to reduce perioperative complications while maintaining comparable surgical and oncological outcomes [3,4]. Optimal surgical exposure in RARC is aided by placing the patient in the steep Trendelenburg position, employing a head-down tilt up to 45.…”

Diagnosis and treatment of odontogenic cutaneous sinus tracts of endodontic origin: A case report

“…Calcium hydroxide is an intra-canal medicament that is commonly used because of its ability to predictably disinfect the root canal system. Its biological properties are achieved by the dissociation in Ca 2+ and OH -ions (Fava & Saunders 1999). The antimicrobial effects of calcium hydroxide relate directly to its high pH 12.5, it has a destructive effect on cell membranes and protein structures (Pacios et al 2003).…”

Residual antibacterial activity of chlorhexidine digluconate and camphorated p-monochlorophenol in calcium hydroxide-based root canal dressings

“…At high concentrations, a bactericidal effect is observed by the precipitation or coagulation of citoplasmatic contents. From an antiseptic standpoint, anesthetics and polyethylene glycol are considered inert vehicles (6).…”

“…However, the cutting action of files as well as the flushing and chemical actions of the irrigating solutions are primarily effective against the microbiota situated in the main root canal (1,5). After meticulous cleaning and shaping of the main root canal, the use of calcium hydroxide[Ca(OH) 2 ]-based pastes as intracanal dressings has been widely recommended for a complementary antiseptic action, among other favorable properties (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11). However, the antimicrobial activity of these pastes is still not fully understood and several questions remain unanswered regarding the time of mantainance of these pastes in the canals, the type of vehicle and the need of adding other anti-septic components to Ca(OH) 2 .…”