Calculating the uncertainty in lead concentration for<i>in vivo</i>bone lead x-ray fluorescence

Todd, Andrew C.; Chettle, David R.

doi:10.1088/0031-9155/48/13/314

Cited by 20 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Tibia lead levels were assessed via a 30-minute measurement of the left mid-tibia diaphysis using 109 cadmium in a back-scatter geometry to fluoresce the K-shell X-rays of lead. The lead X-rays were recorded with a radiation detector and then quantified and compared to calibration data to estimate the concentration of lead in bone (Todd, 2000; Todd and Chettle, 2003; Todd et al, 2002). …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in urine cadmium associations with kidney outcomes based on serum creatinine and cystatin C

Weaver

Kim

Lee

et al. 2011

Environmental Research

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Cadmium is a well known nephrotoxicant; chronic exposure increases risk for chronic kidney disease. Recently, however, associations between urine cadmium and higher creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) have been reported. Analyses utilizing alternate biomarkers of kidney function allow evaluation of potential mechanisms for these observations. We compared associations of urine cadmium with kidney function measures based on serum cystatin C to those with serum creatinine in 712 lead workers. Mean (standard deviation) molybdenum-corrected urine cadmium, Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) eGFR and multi-variable cystatin C eGFR were 1.02 (0.65) μg/g creatinine, and 97.4 (19.2) and 112.0 (17.7) mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively. The eGFR measures were moderately correlated (rs = 0.5; p less than 0.001). After adjustment, ln(urine cadmium) was not associated with serum cystatin-C-based measures. However, higher ln(urine cadmium) was associated with higher creatinine-based eGFRs including the MDRD and an equation incorporating serum cystatin C and creatinine (beta-coefficient = 4.1 ml/min/1.73 m2; 95% confidence interval =1.6, 6.6). Urine creatinine was associated with serum creatinine-based but not cystatin-C-based eGFRs. These results support a biomarker-specific, rather than a kidney function, effect underlying the associations observed between higher urine cadmium and creatinine-based kidney function measures. Given the routine use of serum and urine creatinine in kidney and biomarker research, additional research to elucidate the mechanism(s) for these associations is essential.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differences in urine cadmium associations with kidney outcomes based on serum creatinine and cystatin C

Weaver

Kim

Lee

et al. 2011

Environmental Research

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“…Associated uncertainties were also calculated from count statistic and calibration line considerations. 24 For each bone lead XRF system, then, an inverse variance weighted mean approach was used to obtain a final value for measured lead concentration and measurement uncertainty from a given measurement. 19 These final values were compiled and compared between the four experimental arrangements noted above: ͑1͒ conventional system, low activity source; ͑2͒ conventional system, high activity source; ͑3͒ cloverleaf system, low activity source; and ͑4͒ cloverleaf system, high activity source.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A cloverleaf detector system for in vivo bone lead measurement

Fleming

Mills

2007

Medical Physics

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A 4 x 500 mm2 "cloverleaf" low energy germanium detector array has been assembled for the purpose of in vivo bone lead measurement through x-ray fluorescence. Using 109Cd as an exciting source, results are reported from a leg phantom simulating measurement of lead in a human tibia. For high activity (4.0-4.4 GBq) and low activity (0.18-0.19 GBq) sources, measurement results are reported for both the cloverleaf system and a conventional single detector system of equivalent surface area (2000 mm2). The mean uncertainty and reproducibility of measurement were both significantly improved for the cloverleaf system with a high activity 109Cd source. When using a source activity of 4.4 GBq, measurement of the phantom resulted in an average bone lead uncertainty of 0.79 microg/g and a reproducibility of 0.84 microg/g. These results represent the highest precision yet reported from a bone lead x-ray fluorescence system.

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“…To achieve this goal, the role of bone lead will be very important. The limitations of bone lead measurements, such as the time required for measurement and the poor performance of tests at low levels, needs to be overcome [23]. …”

Section: Current Status and Future Needs Regarding The Occupational Hmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational Health Management in the Lead Industry: The Korean Experience

Lee

2011

Safety and Health at Work

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In 1967, the problem of occupational lead exposure came to public attention in Korea. Since then, regular progress has been made in lowering workplace lead exposures, instituting new workplace controls, and implementing health examinations of exposed workers. Past serious lead poisoning episodes made it possible to introduce biological monitoring programs on a voluntary basis in high-lead-exposure facilities in Korea. Industry-specific occupational health services for lead workers in Korea during the last 22 years can be categorized into three phases. During the first phase (1988-1993), efforts were directed at increasing awareness among workers about the hazards of lead exposure, biological monitoring of blood zinc protoporphyrin began, and a respiratory protection program was introduced. During the second phase (1994-1997), a computerized health management system for lead workers was developed, blood-lead measurement was added to biologic monitoring, and engineering controls were introduced in the workplace to lower air-lead levels to comply with air-lead regulations. Finally, during the third phase (1998-present), a new biomarker, bone-lead measurement by X-ray fluorescence, was introduced. Bone-lead measurement proved to be useful for assessing body burden and to demonstrate past lead exposure in retired workers. Occupational health service practice for lead workers, including the industry-specific group occupational health system, has brought considerable success in the prevention of lead poisoning and in reducing the lead burden in Korean lead workers during the last several decades. The successful achievement of prevention of lead poisoning in Korea was a result of the combined efforts of lead workers, employers, relevant government agencies, and academic institutes.

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Calculating the uncertainty in lead concentration forin vivobone lead x-ray fluorescence

Cited by 20 publications

References 24 publications

Differences in urine cadmium associations with kidney outcomes based on serum creatinine and cystatin C

Differences in urine cadmium associations with kidney outcomes based on serum creatinine and cystatin C

A cloverleaf detector system for in vivo bone lead measurement

Occupational Health Management in the Lead Industry: The Korean Experience

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