Can Shoulder Muscle Coordination During the Support Scale at Ring Height be Replicated During Training Exercises in Gymnastics?

Bernasconi, Sylvain; Tordi, Nicolás; Parratte, B.; Rouillon, Jean-Denis R.

doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181bac69f

Cited by 16 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“… 19 , 27 , 29 Shoulder injuries are well described in overhead athletes and swimmers, 6 , 22 , 23 , 25 , 28 , 31 but the current literature about gymnasts’ shoulders is scarce and concentrates on the biomechanics of gymnastic movements. 1 , 2 , 3 , 10 , 20 , 24…”

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confidence: 99%

The Injured Shoulder in High-Level Male Gymnasts, Part 1: Epidemiology and Pathoanatomy of Surgically Treated Lesions

Gendre

Boileau

2021

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine

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Background: Weightbearing and traction-suspension movements with the upper limbs put considerable demands upon the shoulder region of high-level gymnasts. The diagnosis of instability in these gymnasts may be difficult because voluntary inferior shoulder subluxation is part of their training and is needed to perform some acrobatic figures. Purpose: To (1) assess the epidemiology of shoulder lesions requiring surgery, (2) describe the types of injuries and assess which maneuvers and equipment put the gymnast most at risk, and (3) present a pathoanatomic classification of the injured shoulder in high-level male gymnasts. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Over a 20-year period (1994-2014), 26 high-level male gymnasts (30 shoulders; mean age, 22 years; range, 16-33 years) were referred to our surgical center for shoulder pain or instability. Four gymnasts underwent surgery on both shoulders. All shoulders were evaluated clinically, radiologically, and arthroscopically. An independent observer evaluated the circumstances in which these lesions occurred, including the apparatus used and the maneuvers performed. Results: The mean duration of symptoms before surgery was 8 months (range, 6-24 months). Eighteen injured shoulders (60%) had chronic overuse injuries. In 27 shoulders (90%), the mechanism of injury was traction of the arm in forced flexion-rotation while using suspension equipment with locked hands on the bars or the rings. In the remaining 3 shoulders, the traumatic position was one of an isometric muscle contraction against gravity, sustained while performing strength-and-hold positions on the rings. Based on the main presenting symptoms (pain and/or instability) and main anatomic lesions found during arthroscopy, the injured gymnasts’ shoulders were classified into 2 categories: painful shoulders (n = 13) with no clinical, radiological, or arthroscopic findings of instability (mainly superior cuff and biceps anchor lesions) and unstable shoulders (n = 17) with isolated inferior capsule labral tears or mixed lesions (tendinous and capsulolabral). Some gymnasts with inferior labral tears had no recall of having suffered a dislocation or subluxation. Conclusion: The majority of injuries requiring surgery in this population occurred during traction in forced flexion-rotation using suspension equipment. Injured shoulders were classified as either painful or unstable shoulders.

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The Injured Shoulder in High-Level Male Gymnasts, Part 1: Epidemiology and Pathoanatomy of Surgically Treated Lesions

Gendre

Boileau

2021

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine

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“…This disparity may reflect the different types of gymnastic apparatus used by men (suspension and acrobatics apparatus such as the horizontal or the parallel bars) and the greater physical demands placed on the upper limbs and body in the men’s gymnastics maneuvers (eg, the iron cross position on the rings). 2 , 3 , 19…”

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confidence: 99%

The Injured Shoulder in High-Level Male Gymnasts, Part 2: Can Athletes Return to Competition After Surgery?

Gendre

Boileau

2021

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine

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Background: The results of surgical treatment of shoulder injuries in high-level male gymnasts have not yet been documented. Purpose: To evaluate the functional and subjective results after surgical treatment of shoulder injuries in high-level gymnasts and the possibilities to return to sport at the same level. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Over a 20-year period (1994-2014), 23 high-level male gymnasts (26 shoulders) underwent surgery by a single experienced shoulder surgeon. At the time of surgery, 7 gymnasts competed at the international level, 12 at the national elite level, and 4 at the regional level. According to symptoms and anatomic lesions, the shoulders were classified into 2 groups: painful shoulders (n = 11) and unstable shoulders (n = 15). Fifteen capsulolabral repairs, 10 cuff debridements, 1 cuff repair, 4 SLAP (superior labral anterior and posterior) repairs, and 8 suprapectoral biceps tenodesis were performed. Twelve shoulders (46%) had >1 procedure performed. Outcomes assessment was performed by an independent observer at a mean of 5 years (range, 2-15 years) postoperatively. In addition, patients completed the Subjective Shoulder Value (range, 0%-100%). Results: After shoulder surgery, 21 (91%) of the 23 gymnasts returned to competitive gymnastics, and 20 gymnasts (87%) regained their preinjury level of sport. All international-level gymnasts returned to their preinjury level of sport. Three athletes (13%) underwent revision surgery, and 1 athlete (4%) ended his career without returning to competition. The postoperative period before resumption of competitive gymnastics was 9 ± 3.5 months (mean ± SD). Of the 15 gymnasts treated for shoulder instability with arthroscopic stabilization, 12 were able to return to their previous level of sport. All 8 gymnasts who had arthroscopic biceps tenodesis were able to return to their previous level of sport, as opposed to only 2 of 4 gymnasts treated with SLAP repair. The gymnastics-specific Subjective Shoulder Value score was 80% ± 11%. Conclusion: Most gymnasts who required surgical treatment for a shoulder injury were able to return to competition at their previous level, although there was a considerable postoperative recovery period. Current arthroscopic reconstruction techniques were effective for treating structural lesions and allowing return to high-level gymnastics.

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“…Therefore, the isometric component of strength is important for gymnasts [38]. Bernasconi et al [39] showed that all top-level gymnasts perform the support scale at rings height. In addition, Bodray et al [40, 41] suggested that the circle performed on the pommel horse is a sequence of complex movements in which the amplitude, governed by a high isometric strength level, is the key component of the performance.…”

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confidence: 99%

Evaluating the physical and basic gymnastics skills assessment for talent identification in men’s artistic gymnastics proposed by the International Gymnastics

Mkaouer

Hammoudi-Nassib

Amara

et al. 2018

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This study aimed to determine the specific physical and basic gymnastics skills considered critical in gymnastics talent identification and selection as well as in promoting men’s artistic gymnastics performances. Fifty-one boys from a provincial gymnastics team (age 11.03 ± 0.95 years; height 1.33 ± 0.05 m; body mass 30.01 ± 5.53 kg; body mass index [BMI] 16.89 ± 3.93 kg/m²) regularly competing at national level voluntarily participated in this study. Anthropometric measures as well as the men’s artistic gymnastics physical test battery (i.e., International Gymnastics Federation [FIG] age group development programme) were used to assess the somatic and physical fitness profile of participants, respectively. The physical characteristics assessed were: muscle strength, flexibility, speed, endurance, and muscle power. Test outcomes were subjected to a principal components analysis to identify the most representative factors. The main findings revealed that power speed, isometric and explosive strength, strength endurance, and dynamic and static flexibility are the most determinant physical fitness aspects of the talent selection process in young male artistic gymnasts. These findings are of utmost importance for talent identification, selection, and development.

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Can Shoulder Muscle Coordination During the Support Scale at Ring Height be Replicated During Training Exercises in Gymnastics?

Cited by 16 publications

References 20 publications

The Injured Shoulder in High-Level Male Gymnasts, Part 1: Epidemiology and Pathoanatomy of Surgically Treated Lesions

The Injured Shoulder in High-Level Male Gymnasts, Part 1: Epidemiology and Pathoanatomy of Surgically Treated Lesions

The Injured Shoulder in High-Level Male Gymnasts, Part 2: Can Athletes Return to Competition After Surgery?

Evaluating the physical and basic gymnastics skills assessment for talent identification in men’s artistic gymnastics proposed by the International Gymnastics

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