Canada's residential school system: measuring the intergenerational impact of familial attendance on health and mental health outcomes

Hackett, Christina; Feeny, David; Tompa, Emile

doi:10.1136/jech-2016-207380

Cited by 63 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…The health inequities experienced by Indigenous people represent the embodiment of the structural and systemic disadvantages that result from the enduring legacy of colonization, which have served to displace and disconnect them from their communities, families and culture. 2,3 The stigma and discrimination surrounding substance use, particularly illicit drugs, serves to further marginalize people who have structural disadvantages, including Indigenous people, and to compound the negative impacts on health related to substance use.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Need for equity in treatment of substance use among Indigenous people in Canada

Urbanoski

2017

CMAJ

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Need for equity in treatment of substance use among Indigenous people in Canada

Urbanoski

2017

CMAJ

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“…Our study raises serious concerns about the federal government's continued focus on foodsubsidy initiatives to improve food access in the North. Given the important health implications of food insecurity, [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25] more effective initiatives are urgently needed to address north ern food insecurity.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Food insecurity in Nunavut following the introduction of Nutrition North Canada

St-Germain

Galloway

Tarasuk

2019

CMAJ

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ousehold food insecurity, defined as insecure or inade quate access to food because of financial constraints, is increasingly recognized as a serious public health problem in many affluent nations. 1-4 The latest national estimate for Canada indicates that 12.6% of households experienced food insecurity in 2012, 5 but important geographic variations exist within the country, with heightened vulnerability in the North. 5-7 Since national moni toring began, Nunavut has consistently had the highest rates of food insecurity, 5,6,8 with the rate reaching 46.8% in 2014. 8 Food insecurity is strongly associated with poor nutrition 9-13 and adverse mental and physical health outcomes across the life cycle. 14-22 Recent research also indicates that food insecurity is a robust and independ ent predictor of increased health care use 23 and expenditures. 24,25 Food insecurity represents an experience of material depriva tion strongly influenced by the economic resources of house holds, 26-30 but high food prices are also considered an important driver of food insecurity in Canada's North. 7,31-34 In April 2011, the Government of Canada replaced the longstanding Food Mail Program with Nutrition North Canada, a marketdriven food retail subsidy intended to make perishable, nutritious foods more affordable and accessible in northern communities that do not have yearround rail, road or marine access. 34-36 Similar to the Food Mail Program, Nutrition North Canada serves communities that are predominantly inhabited by Indigen ous Peoples and have high rates of food insecurity, low educa tional attainment, low income, underemployment and unem ployment. 34,37,38 Whereas the Food Mail Program consisted of an air freight transportation subsidy transferred to Canada Post for the delivery of numerous perishable foods, nonperishable foods and essential nonfood items, 35,37,39 Nutrition North Canada is a retail subsidy focused primarily on perishable, nutritious foods and transferred directly to southern suppliers and northern retailers, who are expected to pass on the full subsidy to con sumers at the point of purchase 35,40

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“…Stemming from colonialism, on-going societal patterns create barriers to the health and well-being of this population [2]. For example, poor mental health is higher among Indigenous persons who have had a family member attend a residential school [3], demonstrating the intergenerational impact of Canadian policies. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada has called on the government to eliminate gaps in health between Indigenous and non-Indigenous Canadians.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

School personnel and community members’ perspectives in implementing PAX good behaviour game in first nations grade 1 classrooms

Jack

Chartier

et al. 2020

International Journal of Circumpolar Health

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First Nations peoples in Canada have a history of poor mental health outcomes, as the result of colonisation and the legacy of residential schools. The PAX Good Behaviour Game (PAX-GBG) is a school-based intervention shown to improve student behaviour, academic outcomes, and reduce suicidal thoughts and actions. This study examines the use of PAX-GBG in First Nations Grade 1 classrooms in Manitoba. Researchers collected qualitative data via interviews and focus groups from 23 participants from Swampy Cree Tribal Council (SCTC) communities. Participants reported both positive effects and challenges of implementing PAX-GBG in their classrooms. PAX-GBG created a positive environment where children felt included, recognised, and empowered. Children were calmer, more on-task, and understood the behaviours that are expected of them. However, for many reasons, PAX-GBG is not being used consistently across SCTC schools. Participants described barriers in implementation due to teacher turnover, lack of on-going training and support, developmental and behavioural difficulties of students, and larger community challenges. Participants provided suggestions on how to improve PAX-GBG to be a better fit for these communities, including important cultural and contextual adaptations. PAX-GBG has the potential to improve outcomes for First Nations children, however attention must be given to implementation within community context. ARTICLE HISTORY

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Canada's residential school system: measuring the intergenerational impact of familial attendance on health and mental health outcomes

Abstract: Health disparities exist between indigenous and non-indigenous Canadians, an important source of which is a family history of RS attendance. This has implications for clinical practice and Canadian public health, as well as countries with similar historical legacies.

Cited by 63 publications

References 49 publications

Need for equity in treatment of substance use among Indigenous people in Canada

Need for equity in treatment of substance use among Indigenous people in Canada

Food insecurity in Nunavut following the introduction of Nutrition North Canada

School personnel and community members’ perspectives in implementing PAX good behaviour game in first nations grade 1 classrooms

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