Cancer Biomarkers

Abstract

Cancer biomarkers (CB) are biomolecules produced either by the tumor cells or by other cells of the body in response to the tumor. Every cell type has its unique molecular signature and identifiable characteristics such as levels or activities of myriad of genes, proteins, or other molecular features; therefore, biomarkers can facilitate the molecular definition of cancer. Our aim was providing updated knowledge and performing detailed review about CB regarding their molecular and biochemical characterization and their clinical utility in screening, diagnosis, follow-up, or therapeutic stratification for cancer patients. Focusing on conventional, the FDA approved as well as promising future biomarkers in most common cancers. In addition, emphasizing on their prospective role may be of great value in improving the management of cancer patients. The challenge and future prospective of biomarkers, by facilitating the combination of therapeutics with diagnostics, promise to play an important role in the development of personalized medicine.

Biomarker Discoveries and Potential Biomarkers in Lung Cancer : A Narrative Review

“…These changes are genetic mutations, changes in gene expression, changes in post-translational proteins, and changes in metabolites. These changes will lead to uncontrolled proliferation of cancer cells, inhibition of cancer cell apoptosis, changes in metabolism, and the formation of angiogenesis (Dlamini et al, 2021;Kamel and Al-Amodi, 2016).…”

“…Ideally, cancer biomarkers should be able to differentiate between cancer from benign and aggressive tumors from insignificant ones as well as have high specificity and sensitivity (2001; Levenson, 2004). Various criteria that can be taken into consideration in relation to potential cancer biomarkers include short half-life biomarker to reflect actual changes in any stage of cancer appears at low levels in early cancer development closely linked to the prevalence and stage of cancer high specificity and sensitivity can be acquired using non-invasive techniques cost-effective validation, standardization, quantitative, and reproducible checks can be performed distinguishes metastases and non-metastasis (Dlamini et al, 2021;Kamel and Al-Amodi, 2016;Ray et al, 2010;Verma et al, 2011) As there is a tumor or the body's response to a tumor occurs, cancer biomarkers will be released in the body through serum, plasma, blood, urine, sputum, and CSF. This makes it possible to perform non-invasive procedures and periodically (Kamel and Al-Amodi, 2016).…”

“…This procedure has the advantage of being minimally invasive, capable of collecting systemic changes to provide disease progression, including local primary tumor and distant metastases, treatment responses across many sites, and the capability to capture tumor heterogeneity across time (Barefoot et al, 2021;Chen et al, 2017). Extracellular vesicles, ctDNA, miRNA, mRNA, methylated DNA, protein, and circulating tumor cells are some of the biomarkers that can be utilized to identify cancer (Kamel and Al-Amodi, 2016;Pal et al, 2022;Pudil et al, 2020).…”

Prognostic gene biomarkers for c-Src inhibitor Si162 sensitivity in melanoma cells

“…Biomarkers present in blood, tissues, proteins, and genes can facilitate cancer identification, assess disease progression, monitor treatment response, and predict toxicity. Furthermore, the heterogeneity observed among cancer cells necessitates a deeper understanding of drug resistance mechanisms, which can affect treatment strategies, biomarker selection, and treatment modification ( Kamel and Al Amodi, 2016 ).…”

Inflammatory markers in cancer Potential resources

“…A comprehensive understanding of the altered molecular mechanisms and cellular processes underlying the biological process of carcinogenesis has provide a connecting link between cancer biomarkers and their clinical utility in the comprehensive management of cancer from diagnosis, treatment to prognosis (3). Widespread application of proven cancer control measures, screening, early detection, appropriate therapy with proper follow-up, and prediction measures through cancer biomarkers could definitely be very effective tools for the amelioration of cancer burden and mortality (4).…”