Cancrum oris in a boy with Down syndrome

Lembo, Serena; Leonibus, Chiara De; Francia, Maria Grazia; Lembo, Claudio; Ayala, Fabio

doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2009.08.048

Cited by 5 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Noma cases were reported in Irish and British soldiers in India the 1880’s [ 26 , 28 ]; in Belsen and Auschwitz concentration camps during the Second World War [ 9 , 14 , 17 , 45 , 139 , 151 , 152 ] and in the general war-time population of the Netherlands following the famine in the winter of 1944/1945 [ 139 ]. Since the Second World War, as living conditions improved, the occurrence of noma in Europe dramatically decreased and is only sporadically reported in the region today [ 80 , 81 , 83 , 129 ]. In recent years, noma has been reported in many countries around the world, but primarily in low and middle income countries in Africa and Asia ( Fig 2 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More recently (later 1900’s and 2000’s), timely administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics [ 14 , 85 , 92 , 96 , 97 ], wound cleaning and debridement [ 9 , 17 , 73 , 78 , 84 , 97 , 106 ], and nutritional support [ 13 , 92 , 96 , 173 ] have shown to be effective in reducing the severity and sequelae of noma by arresting the acute phase of the infection in some patients. A range of antibiotics were reported in the included studies such as amoxicillin [ 78 , 84 , 97 , 106 ], metronidazole [ 8 , 9 , 38 , 84 , 103 ], lincomycin [ 80 ] and cefotaxime [ 8 , 81 ]. No studies comparing the relative efficacy of these antibiotics were identified.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Noma (cancrum oris): A scoping literature review of a neglected disease (1843 to 2021)

Farley

Mehta

Srour³

et al. 2021

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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Background Noma (cancrum oris) is an ancient but neglected and poorly understood preventable disease, afflicting the most disenfranchised populations in the world. It is a devastating and often fatal condition that requires urgent and intensive clinical and surgical care, often difficult to access as most cases of noma occur in resource-limited settings. We conducted a scoping review of the literature published on noma to understand the size and scope of available research on the disease and identify research gaps that need to be addressed to evolve our understanding of how to address this disease. Methods We searched 11 databases and collected primary peer reviewed articles on noma in all languages, the final search was conducted on 24th August 2021. The oldest manuscript identified was from 28th March 1843 and the most recently published manuscript was from 3rd June 2021. Search terms included cancrum oris and noma. Data was extracted using a standardised data extraction tool and key areas of interest were identified. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic review and Meta-Analyses requirements were followed. Results The review included 147 articles, the majority of the studies (n = 94, 64%) were case reports. Most manuscripts (n = 81, 55%) were published in the 2000s, 49 (33%) were from the 1900s and 17 (12%) from the 1800s. The main areas of interest identified were the history and epidemiology of the disease, noma’s clinical progression and aetiology, treatment regimens, mortality rates and the risk factors for the development of noma. Conclusions Noma has been reported in the literature for hundreds of years; however important gaps in our understanding of the disease remain. Future research should focus on determining the burden and distribution of disease; the true mortality rate, pathogenic cause(s) and the factors that influence prognosis and outcomes after treatment.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Noma (cancrum oris): A scoping literature review of a neglected disease (1843 to 2021)

Farley

Mehta

Srour³

et al. 2021

PLoS Negl Trop Dis

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“…Cases of noma reported in HIV patients are shown in Table 1 . Noma was also reported in patients with cyclic neutropenia ( Erbagci, 2003 ), leukemia ( Santos, Neri, & Chiattone, 2011 ), Down's syndrome ( Lembo, De Leonibus, Francia, Lembo, & Ayala, 2011 ), Burkett's disease ( Millogo, Konsem, Ouedraogo, Ouoba, & Zwetyenga, 2012 ) and herpetic stomatitis ( Fasola, Obiechina, & Arotiba, 2003 ).…”

Section: Epidemiology and Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 96%

A Review on Noma: A Recent Update

Ashok¹,

Tarakji²,

Darwish³

et al. 2015

GJHS

109

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Noma is a gangrenous infection primarily affecting under developed countries. The aim of this paper was to review all recent articles on noma from January 2003 to August 2014 and briefly update the latest information related to the topic. A literature search was done on PUBMED using the keywords “noma / cancrum oris”. Noma is commonly seen in malnourished children. There has been an increased incidence of noma in HIV patients. Apart from these, noma has also been reported in association with cyclic neutropenia, herpetic stomatitis, leukemia, Down's syndrome and Burkett's disease. Treatment of acute noma includes transfusion of blood and intravenous fluids, administration of antibiotics, putting the patient on a high protein diet and debridement of necrotic areas. Surgical phase is usually initiated 6 to 18 months after a period of quiescence. Although, the mortality rate associated with noma has reduced significantly with the advent of modern generation antibiotics, the functional, cosmetic and psychological challenges associated with the destruction of soft or hard tissues still remains a huge challenge. Adequate steps must be implemented by the government or medical professionals to prevent the disease and provide an early intervention.

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“…28 Other medical conditions associated with noma include HIV, cyclic neutropenia, leukemia, anemia, Down's syndrome, herpetic stomatitis, and Burkett's disease. 29,30 Patients with noma are often preceded by a disease that causes immune suppression, such as malaria, severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome, or measles. 21…”

Section: Unique Clinical Featuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Noma and Necrotizing Fasciitis of the Face and Neck

Miller

Shaye

2021

Facial Plast Surg

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Necrotizing fasciitis (NF) is part of the class of necrotizing soft tissue infections characterized by rapid fascial spread and necrosis of the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and superficial fascia. If left untreated, NF can rapidly deteriorate into multiorgan shock and systemic failure. NF most commonly infects the trunk and lower extremities, although it can sometimes present in the head and neck region. This review provides an overview of NF as it relates specifically to the head and neck region, including its associated clinical features and options for treatment. Noma, a related but relatively unknown disease, is then described along with its relationship with severe poverty.

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Cancrum oris in a boy with Down syndrome

Cited by 5 publications

References 5 publications

Noma (cancrum oris): A scoping literature review of a neglected disease (1843 to 2021)

Noma (cancrum oris): A scoping literature review of a neglected disease (1843 to 2021)

A Review on Noma: A Recent Update

Noma and Necrotizing Fasciitis of the Face and Neck

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