Candidate materials and technologies for integrated optics: fast and efficient electro-optic modulation

Donaldson, A.

doi:10.1088/0022-3727/24/6/001

Cited by 19 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 79 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Signal-controlled “smart” materials also include functional polymers. Functional polymers of controlled refractivity, photochromic, electrochromic, and optoelectronic functions were developed recently. The use of polymers with tunable refractive properties as optical modulators, optical filters, or electrooptic waveguide devices has been reported .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Biofuel Cell with Electrochemically Switchable and Tunable Power Output

2003

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

An electroswitchable and tunable biofuel cell based on the biocatalyzed oxidation of glucose is described. The anode consists of a Cu(2+)-poly(acrylic acid) film on which the redox-relay pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) and the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor are covalently linked. Apo-glucose oxidase is reconstituted on the FAD sites to yield the glucose oxidase (GOx)-functionalized electrode. The cathode consists of a Cu(2+)-poly(acrylic acid) film that provides the functional interface for the covalent linkage of cytochrome c (Cyt c) that is further linked to cytochrome oxidase (COx). Electrochemical reduction of the Cu(2+)-poly(acrylic acid) films (applied potential -0.5 V vs SCE) associated with the anode and cathode yields the conductive Cu(0)-poly(acrylic acid) matrixes that electrically contact the GOx-electrode and the COx/Cyt c-electrode, respectively. The short-circuit current and open-circuit voltage of the biofuel cell correspond to 105 microA (current density ca. 550 microA cm(-2)) and 120 mV, respectively, and the maximum extracted power from the cell is 4.3 microW at an external loading resistance of 1 kOmega. The electrochemical oxidation of the polymer films associated with the electrodes (applied potential 0.5 V) yields the nonconductive Cu(2+)-poly(acrylic acid) films that completely block the biofuel cell operation. By the cyclic electrochemical reduction and oxidation of the polymer films associated with the anode and cathode between the Cu(0)-poly(acrylic acid) and Cu(2+)-poly(acrylic acid) states, the biofuel cell performance is reversibly switched between "ON" and "OFF" states, respectively. The electrochemical reduction of the Cu(2+)-polymer film to the Cu(0)-polymer film is a slow process (ca. 1000 s) because the formation and aggregation of the Cu(0)-clusters requires the migration of Cu(2+) ions in the polymer film and their reduction at conductive sites. The slow reduction of the Cu(2+)-polymer films allows for the controlling of the content of conductive domains in the films and the tuning of the output power of the biofuel cell. The electron-transfer resistances of the cathodic and anodic processes were characterized by impedance spectroscopy. Also, the overall resistances of the biofuel cell generated by the time-dependent electrochemical reduction process were followed by impedance spectroscopy and correlated with the internal resistances of the cell upon its operation.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Biofuel Cell with Electrochemically Switchable and Tunable Power Output

2003

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Lithium niobate (LiNbO 3 ) crystal has been studied for many decades, as it has very excellent nonlinear optical properties and electro-optic effects [1,2]. The basic properties of LiNbO 3 are fundamental and crucial to its wide applications in nonlinear optics and integrated optics [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient 1856 nm emission from Tm,Mg:LiNbO_3 laser

Zhang¹,

Li²,

Zhang³

et al. 2013

Opt. Express

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Efficient continuous-wave laser emission at 1856 nm from a Tm,Mg:LiNbO 3 crystal slab with high Tm 3+ doping concentration is reported. A maximum output power of 2.62 W is realized with a slope efficiency of 19.6% and the beam quality factor M 2 of 1.7 at room temperature. We believe that this is the first demonstration of watt-level laser operation in Tm,Mg:LiNbO 3 crystal and the output power is four orders of magnitude higher than that reported previously in Tm-doped LiNbO 3 crystal. Performance degradation due to the photorefractive effect under high intensity 1856 nm laser is not observed thanks to the co-doping of magnesium ions. Quantitative analysis about the long-term photorefractive effect is also provided. Multi-wavelength laser operation is realized by using different narrow-band output couplers. This demonstration opens up a viable pathway towards 2-μm integrated optic devices for achieving laser oscillation, electro-optic and nonlinear optical effects within just one sample simultaneously. Opt. 12(3), 555-563 (1973). 25. A. Ashkin, G. D. Boyd, J. M. Dziedzic, R. G. Smith, A. A. Ballman, J. J. Levinstein, and K. Nassau, "Opticallyinduced refractive index inhomogeneities in LiNbO 3 and LiTaO 3 ," Appl. Phys. Lett. 9(1), 72-74 (1966).

show abstract

“…1 The main problem with these materials is that they need very high applied field, optical or electrical, in order to induce significant changes of the refractive index. Liquid crystals (LC) have effective electroand nonlinear optical coefficients that are orders of magnitude larger than other integrated optical materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Observation of Nonlinear Beam Splitting in Dye-Doped Liquid Crystal Waveguides

Abbate

Stefano

Santamato

et al. 1999

J. Nonlinear Optic. Phys. Mat.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Liquid crystals have effective nonlinear optical coefficients that are orders of magnitude larger than other materials exploited in integrated optics. The addition of some organic dyes in small amounts may further enhance the nonlinear optical response and even change its sign. We used a dye-nematic liquid crystal mixture exhibiting a negative optical nonlinearity. We observed the nonlinear spatial splitting of the guided modes in a symmetric planar waveguide whose core was the liquid crystal mixture. This nonlinear effect has been observed with very low laser power input and the power threshold dependence on dye concentration and core thickness was investigated.

show abstract

Candidate materials and technologies for integrated optics: fast and efficient electro-optic modulation

Cited by 19 publications

References 79 publications

A Biofuel Cell with Electrochemically Switchable and Tunable Power Output

A Biofuel Cell with Electrochemically Switchable and Tunable Power Output

Efficient 1856 nm emission from Tm,Mg:LiNbO_3 laser

Experimental Observation of Nonlinear Beam Splitting in Dye-Doped Liquid Crystal Waveguides

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About