Caralluma tuberculata N.E.Br Manifests Extraction Medium Reliant Disparity in Phytochemical and Pharmacological Analysis

Abstract

Solubility of phytoconstituents depends on the polarity of the extraction medium used, which might result in the different pharmacological responses of extracts. In line with this, ethnomedicinally important food plant (i.e., Caralluma tuberculata extracts) have been made in fourteen distinct solvent systems that were then analyzed phytochemically via total phenolic amount estimation, total flavonoid amount estimation, and HPLC detection and quantification of the selected polyphenols. Test extracts were then subjected to a battery of in vitro assays i.e., antioxidants (DDPH scavenging, antioxidant capacity, and reducing power estimation), antimicrobial (antibacterial, antifungal, and antileishmanial), cytotoxic (brine shrimps, THP-1 human leukemia cell lines and normal lymphocytes), and protein kinase inhibition assays. Maximum phenolic and flavonoid contents were computed in distilled water–acetone and acetone extracts (i.e., 16 ± 1 μg/mg extract and 8 ± 0.4/mg extract, respectively). HPLC-DAD quantified rutin (0.58 µg/mg extract) and gallic acid (0.4 µg/mg extract) in methanol–ethyl acetate and methanol extracts, respectively. Water–acetone extract exhibited the highest DPPH scavenging of 36 ± 1%. Total reducing potential of 76.0 ± 1 μg/mg extract was shown by ethanol chloroform while maximum total antioxidant capacity was depicted by the acetone extract (92.21 ± 0.70 μg/mg extract). Maximal antifungal effect against Mucor sp., antileishmanial, brine shrimp cytotoxicity, THP-1 cell line cytotoxicity, and protein kinase inhibitory activities were shown by ethyl acetate-methanol (MIC: 50 µg/disc), n-hexane (IC50: 120.8 ± 3.7 µg/mL), ethyl acetate (LD50: 29.94 ± 1.6 µg/mL), distilled water–acetone (IC50: 118 ± 3.4 µg/mL) and methanol–chloroform (ZOI: 19 ± 1 mm) extracts, respectively. Our findings show the dependency of phytochemicals and bioactivities on the polarity of the extraction solvent and our preliminary screening suggests the C. tuberculata extract formulations to be tested and used in different ailments, however, detailed studies remain necessary for corroboration with our results.

In Vitro and In Vivo Anti-Arthritic Potential of Caralluma tuberculata N. E. Brown. and Its Chemical Characterization

“…Lysosomal components are produced from neutrophils and macrophages during inflammation, to kill surrounding cells and tissues. Anti-inflammatory medicines inhibit inflammation by stabilizing the membrane or by inhibiting lysosomal enzymes [ 12 ]. The HRBC assay was performed to evaluate the membrane stabilizing potential of CTME and CTAQ against membrane rupturing factors like heat and hypotonicity.…”

“…These therapies are lifelong, expensive and causedsevere adverse effects including ulcer, hypertension, hepatotoxicity, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases etc. Due to these major drawbacks, the modern world is moving towards herbal treatments to combat against RA [ 12 ].…”

Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Protein Kinase Inhibition Profiling of C. ambrosioides Seed Extracts along with RP-HPLC

“…RP-HPLC. RP-HPLC with analytical columns has been used to quantify polyphenols using the methodology described [13,15]. Reference compounds, i.e., catechins, quercetin, gallic acid, caffeic acid, myricetin, rutin, apigenin, and kaempferol; the final concentration was prepared with samples diluted by methanol to 50 μg/ml.…”

Hepatoprotective effects of walnut oil and Caralluma tuberculata against paracetamol in experimentally induced liver toxicity in mice

“…C. tuberculata is extensively found in the mountainous areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, where it is called Pamankay in the local Pashto language. The plant has commonly known for its ethnomedicinal applications including the treatment of dysentery, jaundice, constipation, stomach pain, blood purification, liver ailments and hypertension (Baig et al, 2021;Delaviz et al, 2017;Adnan et al, 2014). The disease prevention and health-promoting effects of the plant are primarily attributed to its antioxidant, antibacterial (Mudrikah et al, 2015), hypolipidemic, anti-hyperglycemic (Abdel-Sattar et al, 2011Essam et al, 2011), and in vitro anticancer potentials (Waheed et al, 2011).…”