“…Their resistance to ceftazidime-avibactam has led to widespread interest in bla KPC variants. Recently, Bianco et al ( 18 ) highlighted some important limitations of the main carbapenemase detection methods (including NG-test Carba 5, RESIST-5 O.O.K.N.V, Rapidec Carba NP, mCIM, and the disk diffusion synergy test) in detecting some bla KPC variants (including bla KPC-14, bla KPC-33 , and bla KPC-31 ) associated with ceftazidime-avibactam resistance during therapy. Likewise, we confirmed that some bla KPC-2 variants (including bla KPC-33 , bla KPC-35 , bla KPC-71 , bla KPC-76 , bla KPC-78 , and bla KPC-79 ) could not be detected by mCIM or the APB/EDTA method, which may be related to the mutation of bla KPC-2 leading to a loss of carbapenemase activity.…”
Rural communities often rely on groundwater for potable water supply. In this study, untreated groundwater samples from 28 shallow groundwater wells in Finland (<10 m deep and mostly supplying untreated groundwater to <200 users in rural areas) were assessed for physicochemical water quality, stable water isotopes, microbial water quality indicators, host-specific microbial source tracking (MST) markers, and bacterial community composition, activity, and diversity (using amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and 16S rRNA). Indications of surface water intrusion were identified in five wells, and these indications were found to be negatively correlated, overall, with bacterial alpha diversity (based on amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene). High levels of turbidity, heterotrophs, and iron compromised water quality in two wells, with values up to 2.98 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU), 16,000 CFU/ml, and 2,300 μg/liter, respectively. Coliform bacteria and general fecal indicator <italic>Bacteroidales</italic> bacteria (GenBac3) were detected in 14 and 10 wells, respectively (albeit mostly at low levels), and correlations were identified between microbial, physicochemical, and environmental parameters, which may indicate impacts from nearby land use (e.g., agriculture, surface water, road salt used for deicing). Our results show that although water quality was generally adequate in most of the studied wells, the continued safe use of these wells should not be taken for granted.</p>
<p><bold>IMPORTANCE</bold> Standard physicochemical water quality analyses and microbial indicator analyses leave much of the (largely uncultured) complexity of groundwater microbial communities unexplored. This study combined these standard methods with additional analyses of stable water isotopes, bacterial community data, and environmental data about the surrounding areas to investigate the associations between physicochemical and microbial properties of 28 shallow groundwater wells in Finland. We detected impaired groundwater quality in some wells, identified potential land use impacts, and revealed indications of surface water intrusion which were negatively correlated with bacterial alpha diversity. The potential influence of surface water intrusion on groundwater wells and their bacterial communities is of particular interest and warrants further investigation because surface water intrusion has previously been linked to groundwater contamination, which is the primary cause of waterborne outbreaks in the Nordic region and one of the major causes in the United States and Canada.
IMPORTANCE Standard physicochemical water quality analyses and microbial indicator analyses leave much of the (largely uncultured) complexity of groundwater microbial communities unexplored. This study combined these standard methods with additional analyses of stable water isotopes, bacterial community data, and environmental data about the surrounding areas to investigate the associations between physicochemical and microbial properties of 28 shallow groundwater wells in Finland. We detected impaired groundwater quality in some wells, identified potential land use impacts, and revealed indications of surface water intrusion which were negatively correlated with bacterial alpha diversity. The potential influence of surface water intrusion on groundwater wells and their bacterial communities is of particular interest and warrants further investigation because surface water intrusion has previously been linked to groundwater contamination, which is the primary cause of waterborne outbreaks in the Nordic region and one of the major causes in the United States and Canada.
“…Their resistance to ceftazidime-avibactam has led to widespread interest in bla KPC variants. Recently, Bianco et al ( 18 ) highlighted some important limitations of the main carbapenemase detection methods (including NG-test Carba 5, RESIST-5 O.O.K.N.V, Rapidec Carba NP, mCIM, and the disk diffusion synergy test) in detecting some bla KPC variants (including bla KPC-14, bla KPC-33 , and bla KPC-31 ) associated with ceftazidime-avibactam resistance during therapy. Likewise, we confirmed that some bla KPC-2 variants (including bla KPC-33 , bla KPC-35 , bla KPC-71 , bla KPC-76 , bla KPC-78 , and bla KPC-79 ) could not be detected by mCIM or the APB/EDTA method, which may be related to the mutation of bla KPC-2 leading to a loss of carbapenemase activity.…”
Rural communities often rely on groundwater for potable water supply. In this study, untreated groundwater samples from 28 shallow groundwater wells in Finland (<10 m deep and mostly supplying untreated groundwater to <200 users in rural areas) were assessed for physicochemical water quality, stable water isotopes, microbial water quality indicators, host-specific microbial source tracking (MST) markers, and bacterial community composition, activity, and diversity (using amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene and 16S rRNA). Indications of surface water intrusion were identified in five wells, and these indications were found to be negatively correlated, overall, with bacterial alpha diversity (based on amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene). High levels of turbidity, heterotrophs, and iron compromised water quality in two wells, with values up to 2.98 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU), 16,000 CFU/ml, and 2,300 μg/liter, respectively. Coliform bacteria and general fecal indicator <italic>Bacteroidales</italic> bacteria (GenBac3) were detected in 14 and 10 wells, respectively (albeit mostly at low levels), and correlations were identified between microbial, physicochemical, and environmental parameters, which may indicate impacts from nearby land use (e.g., agriculture, surface water, road salt used for deicing). Our results show that although water quality was generally adequate in most of the studied wells, the continued safe use of these wells should not be taken for granted.</p>
<p><bold>IMPORTANCE</bold> Standard physicochemical water quality analyses and microbial indicator analyses leave much of the (largely uncultured) complexity of groundwater microbial communities unexplored. This study combined these standard methods with additional analyses of stable water isotopes, bacterial community data, and environmental data about the surrounding areas to investigate the associations between physicochemical and microbial properties of 28 shallow groundwater wells in Finland. We detected impaired groundwater quality in some wells, identified potential land use impacts, and revealed indications of surface water intrusion which were negatively correlated with bacterial alpha diversity. The potential influence of surface water intrusion on groundwater wells and their bacterial communities is of particular interest and warrants further investigation because surface water intrusion has previously been linked to groundwater contamination, which is the primary cause of waterborne outbreaks in the Nordic region and one of the major causes in the United States and Canada.
IMPORTANCE Standard physicochemical water quality analyses and microbial indicator analyses leave much of the (largely uncultured) complexity of groundwater microbial communities unexplored. This study combined these standard methods with additional analyses of stable water isotopes, bacterial community data, and environmental data about the surrounding areas to investigate the associations between physicochemical and microbial properties of 28 shallow groundwater wells in Finland. We detected impaired groundwater quality in some wells, identified potential land use impacts, and revealed indications of surface water intrusion which were negatively correlated with bacterial alpha diversity. The potential influence of surface water intrusion on groundwater wells and their bacterial communities is of particular interest and warrants further investigation because surface water intrusion has previously been linked to groundwater contamination, which is the primary cause of waterborne outbreaks in the Nordic region and one of the major causes in the United States and Canada.
“…This results in the inability of the main phenotypic carbapenemase detection methods to identify these KPC mutants. Immunochromatographic assays are also unable to detect these KPC mutants, probably due to changes in the antigenic set-up of the enzyme [ 4 ].…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…IR biotyping showed that 19 out of the 21 CZA-resistant KPC-Kp isolates belonged to a single outbreak clone ( Figure 1 ). Sequencing of the bla KPC gene was performed as previously described [ 4 ] and revealed D179Y mutation in the bla KPC-2 gene. Figure 1 Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy biotyping of ceftazidime-avibactam resistant KPC-producing K. pneumoniae isolates.…”
“…While the performance for KPC and OXA-48-like carbapenemases is excellent (sensitivity/specificity 100% in most studies), lower sensitivity has been reported for some Ambler class B β-lactamases especially in Proteus spp. and from positive blood cultures [ 67 , 147 , 148 ]. This can be overcome by adding zinc to the incubation protocol or working with zinc supplemented agar plates [ 67 , 149 ].…”
Section: Detection and Characterization Of Mdr
Enterobacteralesmentioning
Multidrug-resistant Enterobacterales (MDRE) are an emerging threat to global health, leading to rising health care costs, morbidity and mortality. Multidrug-resistance is commonly caused by different β-lactamases (e.g., ESBLs and carbapenemases), sometimes in combination with other resistance mechanisms (e.g., porin loss, efflux). The continuous spread of MDRE among patients in hospital settings and the healthy population require adjustments in healthcare management and routine diagnostics. Rapid and reliable detection of MDRE infections as well as gastrointestinal colonization is key to guide therapy and infection control measures. However, proper implementation of these strategies requires diagnostic methods with short time-to-result, high sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, research on new techniques and improvement of already established protocols is inevitable. In this review, current methods for detection of MDRE are summarized with focus on culture based and molecular techniques, which are useful for the clinical microbiology laboratory.
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