Carbazole-functionalized hyper-cross-linked polymers for CO₂ uptake based on Friedel–Crafts polymerization on 9-phenylcarbazole

Abstract

To systematically explore the effects of the synthesis conditions on the porosity of hyper-cross-linked polymers (HCPs), a series of 9-phenylcarbazole (9-PCz) HCPs (P1–P11) has been made by changing the molar ratio of cross-linker to monomer, the reaction temperature T 1, the used amount of catalyst and the concentration of reactants. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was utilized to characterize the structure of the obtained polymers. The TG analysis of the HCPs showed good thermal stability. More importantly, a comparative study on the porosity revealed that: the molar ratio of cross-linker to monomer was the main influence factor of the BET specific surface area. Increasing the reaction temperature T 1 or changing the used amount of catalyst could improve the total pore volume greatly but sacrificed a part of the BET specific surface area. Fortunately changing the concentration of reactants could remedy this situation. Slightly changing the concentration of reactants could simultaneously obtain a high surface area and a high total pore volume. The BET specific surface areas of P3 was up to 769 m2 g−1 with narrow pore size distribution and the CO2 adsorption capacity of P11 was up to 52.4 cm3 g−1 (273 K/1.00 bar).

Multifunctional Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS) Based Hybrid Porous Materials for CO2 Uptake and Iodine Adsorption

“…The synthesis of POPs was successfully achieved using various synthetic methods, including Friedel–Crafts arylation, Schiff base reactions, Suzuki reactions, Yamamoto reactions, Heck reactions, and Sonogashira reactions [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ]. In addition, POPs can be classified into different kinds of materials, such as covalent organic frameworks (COFs), conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs), hypercrosslinked polymers (HCPs), covalent triazine-based frameworks (CTFs), metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), and polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) [ 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 ].…”

Meso/Microporous Carbons from Conjugated Hyper-Crosslinked Polymers Based on Tetraphenylethene for High-Performance CO2 Capture and Supercapacitor

“…Based on the supercapacitors mechanism for energy storage, supercapacitors can be divided into electrical double layer capacitor (EDLC), hybrid capacitor, and finally pseudocapacitor [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 ]. Hyper-crosslinked polymers (HCPs) [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ], covalent organic frameworks (COF) [ 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 ], conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) [ 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 ], and polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) are considered as types of microporous organic polymers (MOPs) [ 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 ]. As mentioned above, HCPs are considered as a kind of porous material that can be easily synthesized through the Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction of rigid aromatic monomers with an external crosslinker such as formaldehyde dimethyl acetal, 1,3,5-trichlorotriazine, and 1,4-bis(chloromethyl)benzene [ 50 , 51 , 52 ].…”

Potential of hypercrosslinked microporous polymer based on carbazole networks for Pb(II) ions removal from aqueous solutions

“…Absorption bonds in 3421 cm -1 are due to N-H flexural vibrations. The change in the spectrum pattern in the region 1400-1600 cm -1 indicates a change in the connection of the carbazole rings with each other and the formation of the Friedel Crofts reaction (Fang et al 2019;Parnia et al 2020;Ramezanipour Penchah et al 2019).…”

“…These particles have different sizes and agglomerates and turn into loose aggregates. Great pores were randomly distributed between the particles (Fang et al 2019).…”