Carbide Precipitation During Tempering of a Tool Steel Subjected to Deep Cryogenic Treatment

Gavriljuk, V.G.; Sirosh, V. A.; Petrov, Yu. N.; Tyshchenko, A. I.; Theisen, W.; Kortmann, A.

doi:10.1007/s11661-014-2202-8

Cited by 58 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…However, some authors ascribe the main role to the conversion of retained austenite into martensite while others ones placed greater weight to the precipitation of fine carbides [10]. For tool steels [11], different reasons have been found as coarser cementite particles or delayed precipitation of alloying element carbides.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of deep cryogenic treatment on the thermal decomposition of Fe–C martensite

Calzada

Pellizzari

2014

J Mater Sci

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The beneficial effects of deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) at temperatures close to -180°C on certain mechanical properties of steels are well known, although the metallurgical base mechanism of DCT still needs further clarification. In this study, the thermal decomposition of steel martensite (100Cr6) subjected to low-temperature soaking over different periods (SDCT = 5 min at -180°C, LDCT = 24 h at -180°C) is investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry and dilatometry. The results were compared with those for the same conventionally quenched and tempered steel. Isochronal annealing experiments at different heating rates were performed, in order to highlight the main tempering stages and to obtain their relevant activation energies. DCT was clearly shown to lower the Ea of the pre-precipitation process more intensely than in the quenched steel. This result may probably be ascribed to an increased dislocation density and to the activation of the carbon segregation process in larger amounts of martensite. The precipitation of transition carbides was also enhanced by the low-temperature conditioning of martensite. As expected, DCT transformed the retained austenite, so that the corresponding peaks almost disappeared from both the dilatometric and the DSC patterns.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of deep cryogenic treatment on the thermal decomposition of Fe–C martensite

Calzada

Pellizzari

2014

J Mater Sci

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“…In the figure, the (110) martensite peak located at 44.5° is also shown to distinguish it from the M 7 C 3 peak. It is worth mentioning that, as reported by several authors [2,6,7] submicron size secondary carbides precipitate in AISI D2 steel during hot forming and will be retained after quenching. However, they can't be detected readily by X-ray diffraction due to their small sizes and TEM is needed to reveal them [6].…”

Section: Dilatometry Analysismentioning

confidence: 58%

“…As reported by several authors [4][5][6][7], after conventional quenching, the microstructure is composed of 1) fresh martensite, 2) a mixture of the M 2 C and M 23 C 6 carbides, and 3) retained austenite. The latter can decompose into ferrite and cementite during subsequent tempering between 573 K and 773 K thereby affecting the mechanical properties of the alloy [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 62%

“…The larger or primary ones, M 7 C 3 , formed at the austenite grain boundaries and then dispersed as a result of hot working [2]. The other carbides, M 2 C and M 23 C 6 , are the result of secondary precipitation during normalizing heat treatment [5][6][7]. It must be mentioned that some authors have proposed a sub-classification of secondary carbides as "large" and "small" secondary carbides in D2 steel [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Martensitic transformation in AISI D2 tool steel during continuous cooling to 173 K

2015

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Abstract:Martensitic transformation of AISI D2 tool steel continuously cooled from 1303 K to the cryogenic temperature of 173 K is investigated by dilatometry using 10 Ks -1 or 50 Ks -1 cooling rates. A 'typical' expansion takes place from the s M temperature and reaches a maximum at 325 K. However, an atypical behavior is observed below this temperature implying the activation of further martensitic transformation. A modification to existing equations is proposed, which allows for more accurate description of the kinetics of martensitic transformation. Scanning electron microscopic studies indicated the presence of plate and lath martensite for both cooling rates. Carbide precipitation takes place at the rate of 10 Ks -1 before the start of martensitic transformation while it was not observed when the 50 Ks -1 rate was used. Transmission electron microscopic studies revealed that the microstructure also contains a significant amount of nano twined martensite.

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“…Tempering as the final stage of the heat treatment modifies the properties of the hardened steel to produce a desirable combination of strength, hardness and toughness [4,5]. Tempering could be divided into the following stages: (1) Up to approximately 200°C, formation of transition carbides (mainly Fe 2.4 C, ɛ carbide) and lowering of carbon content in the martensite structure [6,7]. (2) Above 200°C, along with a gradual increase of tempering temperatures, dissolving ɛ carbides, and subsequent nucleation of cementite M 3 C [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromagnetic nondestructive evaluation of tempering process in AISI D2 tool steel

Kahrobaee

Kashefi

2015

Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials

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Carbide Precipitation During Tempering of a Tool Steel Subjected to Deep Cryogenic Treatment

Cited by 58 publications

References 16 publications

Influence of deep cryogenic treatment on the thermal decomposition of Fe–C martensite

Influence of deep cryogenic treatment on the thermal decomposition of Fe–C martensite

Martensitic transformation in AISI D2 tool steel during continuous cooling to 173 K

Electromagnetic nondestructive evaluation of tempering process in AISI D2 tool steel

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