Carbohydrate analysis by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection: The potential is still growing

Abstract

This article reviews recent advances of carbohydrate analysis by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. Starting from the paper of Dennis C. Johnson [1] in which the great analytical promise of such a technique was anticipated, a multitude of exciting new research possibilities have recently emerged. The great attractiveness of high-performance anion-exchange chromatography is largely due to its compatibility with such a sensitive, selective and reliable detection method as pulsed amperometry. This very good match between liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection has allowed the determination of carbohydrates in a variety of complex matrices, for instance, foods, beverages, diary and biotechnological products, vegetal tissues, and also in the area of clinical diagnostics. For this reason, the introduction of HPAEC-PAD into regulated methods is becoming increasingly accepted. A comprehensive collection of applications to carbohydrates and samples of interest is given, with special focus on the separation of closely related sugar compounds using dilute alkaline eluents. Advances in pulsed potential waveforms are also discussed, and a comparison with other liquid chromatographic methods addressed. 2-keto-3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galactonononic acid; KDO, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid; FOS, fructooligosaccharides; GF5, GF6, and GF7, oligofructans: Hib, Haemophilus influenzae type b; FAB, fast atom bombardment; ESI, electrospray ionization; MALDI-TOF, matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight.

The use of high performance anion exchange chromatography for the detection of counterfeit pharmaceutical products using the excipient content as a marker

“…A number of authors have reported the use of HPAEC-PAD 16 for the separation of monosaccharides derived from plant and microbial sources. As a starting point, conditions similar to those reported by the instrument manufacturers were employed and involved eluting the analytes through a CarboPac PA20 column using sodium hydroxide as a mobile phase.…”

Recent Developments in Liquid Chromatography and Capillary Electrophoresis for the Analysis of Glycoprotein Glycans

“…127 The CarboPac columns from Dionex are packed with latex-type stationary phases consisting of sulfonatepolystyrene divinylbenzene resin (10 μm diameter) with a layer of porous beads (0.1 μm diameter) with quaternary ammonium groups, enabling anion-exchange chromatography. Sugars are eluted using concentration gradients of a sodium hydroxide/ sodium acetate system.…”

Overview on advances in capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry of carbohydrates: A tabulated review

“…For nonreducing sugars such as glycosides, this can be explained considering that they cannot be subjected to the typical derivatization strategies based on reductive amination. For reducing sugars, the development of reliable and rapid methodologies requiring limited pretreatment steps is probably necessary for competing with well-assessed chromatographic methodologies like highperformance anion-exchange LC with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) [82,83], which is widely applied for the exceptionally sensitive analysis of underivatized sugars in foods but does not provide the structural information achievable with MS detection.…”