Carbon cost of collective farming collapse in Russia

Kurganova, I. N.; Gerenyu, Valentin Lopes de; Six, Johan; Kuzyakov, Yakov

doi:10.1111/gcb.12379

Cited by 114 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…On the other side, the site SOB14-T1-5 with 2.7 g C m −2 yr −1 has very low accumulation rates and is most certainly not affected by the Lena River flood. For comparison, Kurganova et al (2014) find that modern C accumulation on arable land in Russia was on average 9.6 g C m −2 yr −1 over a 20-year period after abandonment. Hicks Pries et al (2012) found a mean Holocene C accumulation rate of 25.8 g C m −2 yr −1 for surface soils and 2.3 g C m −2 yr −1 for deep soils in subarctic tundra in central Alaska.…”

Section: Sediment and Organic C Accumulation Ratesmentioning

confidence: 96%

Carbon and nitrogen pools in thermokarst-affected permafrost landscapes in Arctic Siberia

et al. 2018

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Abstract. Ice-rich yedoma-dominated landscapes store considerable amounts of organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) and are vulnerable to degradation under climate warming. We investigate the C and N pools in two thermokarst-affected yedoma landscapes -on Sobo-Sise Island and on Bykovsky Peninsula in the north of eastern Siberia. Soil cores up to 3 m depth were collected along geomorphic gradients and analysed for organic C and N contents. A high vertical sampling density in the profiles allowed the calculation of C and N stocks for short soil column intervals and enhanced understanding of within-core parameter variability. Profile-level C and N stocks were scaled to the landscape level based on landform classifications from 5 m resolution, multispectral RapidEye satellite imagery. Mean landscape C and N storage in the first metre of soil for Sobo-Sise Island is estimated to be 20.2 kg C m −2 and 1.8 kg N m −2 and for Bykovsky Peninsula 25.9 kg C m −2 and 2.2 kg N m −2 . Radiocarbon dating demonstrates the Holocene age of thermokarst basin deposits but also suggests the presence of thick Holoceneage cover layers which can reach up to 2 m on top of intact yedoma landforms. Reconstructed sedimentation rates of 0.10-0.57 mm yr −1 suggest sustained mineral soil accumulation across all investigated landforms. Both yedoma and thermokarst landforms are characterized by limited accumulation of organic soil layers (peat).We further estimate that an active layer deepening of about 100 cm will increase organic C availability in a seasonally thawed state in the two study areas by ∼ 5.8 Tg (13.2 kg C m −2 ). Our study demonstrates the importance of increasing the number of C and N storage inventories in icerich yedoma and thermokarst environments in order to account for high variability of permafrost and thermokarst environments in pan-permafrost soil C and N pool estimates.

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Section: Sediment and Organic C Accumulation Ratesmentioning

confidence: 96%

Carbon and nitrogen pools in thermokarst-affected permafrost landscapes in Arctic Siberia

et al. 2018

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“…Research undertaken to quantify rates of SOM accumulation under perennial grain proto-crops that are being currently bred is lacking. However, numerous studies, including many meta-analyses, have evaluated SOM changes when lands managed for annual crop production were converted to perennial grasslands [89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99]. Rates of C accumulation in diverse grassland plantings range from 0.33-1.01 t ha −1 year −1 in meta-analyses and reviews, whereas high-yielding, low diversity perennial grasses for bioenergy have been found to increase SOC in the range of 1.09-1.88 t ha −1 year −1 ( Table 1).…”

Section: Perennials Address the Root Of The Problemmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Agriculture Can Learn from Native Ecosystems in Building Soil Organic Matter: A Review

2017

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Over the last century, researchers and practitioners with diverse backgrounds have articulated the importance of improving soil organic matter (SOM) contents in agricultural soils. More recently, climate change scientists interested in CO 2 sinks, and agroecologists interested in ecological intensification have converged on the goal of building SOM stocks in croplands. The challenge is that agriculture itself is responsible for dramatic losses of SOM. When grassland or forest ecosystems are first converted to agriculture, multiple mechanisms result in SOM declines of between 20% and 70%. Two of the most important mechanisms are the reduction in organic matter inputs from roots following the replacement of perennial vegetation with annual crop species, and increases in microbial respiration when tillage breaks open soil aggregates exposing previously protected organic matter. Many agricultural practices such as conservation tillage and integration of cover crops have been shown to achieve some degree of SOM improvement, but in general adoption of these practices falls short of accumulating the SOM stocks maintained by grasslands, forests or other native ecosystems that agriculture replaced. Two of the overarching reasons why native terrestrial ecosystems have achieved greater soil organic matter levels than human agroecosystems are because they direct a greater percentage of productivity belowground in perennial roots, and they do not require frequent soil disturbance. A growing body of research including that presented in this review suggests that developing perennial grain agroecosystems may hold the greatest promise for agriculture to approach the SOM levels that accumulate in native ecosystems. We present calculations that estimate potential soil organic carbon accumulation rates in fields converted from annual to perennial grains of between 0.13 and 1.70 t ha −1 year −1 .

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“…There are a great number of meta-analyses or reviews (Conant et al, 2001;Davidson and Ackerman, 1993;Davis and Condron, 2002;Don et al, 2011;Guo and Gifford, 2002;Kurganova et al, 2014;Laganière et al, 2010;Li et al, 2012;Marín-Spiotta and Sharma, 2013;Murty et al, 2002;Paul et al, 2002;Poeplau et al, 2011;Post and Kwon, 2000;Powers et al, 2011;Wei et al, 2014;West et al, 2004) on the soil organic carbon change after LULCC based on field measurement data (mostly paired sites and chronosequences). These studies may generally agree on the directions of soil carbon change after LULCC (e.g.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gross changes in forest area shape the future carbon balance of tropical forests

Li¹,

Ciais²,

Ye³

et al. 2018

Biogeosciences

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Abstract. Bookkeeping models are used to estimate land-use and land-cover change (LULCC) carbon fluxes (E LULCC ). The uncertainty of bookkeeping models partly arises from data used to define response curves (usually from local data) and their representativeness for application to large regions. Here, we compare biomass recovery curves derived from a recent synthesis of secondary forest plots in Latin America by Poorter et al. (2016) with the curves used previously in bookkeeping models from Houghton (1999) and Hansis et al. (2015). We find that the two latter models overestimate the long-term (100 years) vegetation carbon density of secondary forest by about 25 %. We also use idealized LULCC scenarios combined with these three different response curves to demonstrate the importance of considering gross forest area changes instead of net forest area changes for estimating regional E LULCC . In the illustrative case of a net gain in forest area composed of a large gross loss and a large gross gain occurring during a single year, the initial gross loss has an important legacy effect on E LULCC so that the system can be a net source of CO 2 to the atmosphere long after the initial forest area change. We show the existence of critical values of the ratio of gross area change over net area change (γ A gross A net ), above which cumulative E LULCC is a net CO 2 source rather than a sink for a given time horizon after the initial perturbation. These theoretical critical ratio values derived from simulations of a bookkeeping model are compared with observations from the 30 m resolution Landsat Thematic Mapper data of gross and net forest area change in the Amazon. This allows us to diagnose areas in which current forest gains with a large land turnover will still result in LULCC carbon emissions in 20, 50 and 100 years.

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Carbon cost of collective farming collapse in Russia

Cited by 114 publications

References 56 publications

Carbon and nitrogen pools in thermokarst-affected permafrost landscapes in Arctic Siberia

Carbon and nitrogen pools in thermokarst-affected permafrost landscapes in Arctic Siberia

What Agriculture Can Learn from Native Ecosystems in Building Soil Organic Matter: A Review

Gross changes in forest area shape the future carbon balance of tropical forests

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