“…< Fig. 29 is here > Potassium (K + ), calcium (Ca 2+ ), and magnesium (Mg 2+ ) are essential elements of the human body that play important roles in many physiological events, such as hyperpolarization in signal transduction of neurons, regulating cell osmotic pressure, apoptosis, muscle contraction, exocytosis, and humoral secretion [172][173][174][175][176]. For the detection of these metal ions, a number of bioanalytical methods, particular the responsive fluorescence probes have been developed recently [177][178][179][180][181][182][183], and some of them are capable of detecting and visualizing these metal ions in cell plasma membrane.…”