Carbon‐Electrode Based Perovskite Solar Cells: Effect of Bulk Engineering and Interface Engineering on the Power Conversion Properties

Abstract

Carbon electrodes have been adopted widely in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Due to its suitable work function (though not high enough), the carbon electrode itself could extract photogenerated holes and has helped to achieve a power conversion efficiency of ≈16% in the absence of hole‐transporting material. Meanwhile, due to the inert chemical nature and the micrometer‐sized film thickness (≈10 μm), carbon electrodes can prolong the stability of PSCs. These merits are appealing for the commercialization of PSCs. However, the efficiency of carbon‐electrode PSCs is relatively low. A gap of ≈30% remains when comparing with PSCs using evaporated metal films as the electrode. Herein, the progresses in the efficiency of the four kinds of carbon‐electrode based PSCs (mesoscopic, embedment, planar, and quasi‐planar) are reviewed and compared to metal‐electrode based PSCs. Then, the role of bulk engineering and interface engineering in the progress of efficiency is discussed. Finally, outlooks are described in accordance with the discussions.

Barrier Designs in Perovskite Solar Cells for Long‐Term Stability

“…The highest PCE for planar CPSCs of 19.2% was achieved by Zhang et al Their devices retained 95% of the initial PCE after 1000 h storage in ambient condition. [269] Similarly, Yan at al. reported a storage stability of 5 months under the humidity of ≈45% RH for the planar CPSC with a PCE of 14.77%.…”

Current advancements on charge selective contact interfacial layers and electrodes in flexible hybrid perovskite photovoltaics

“…On the other hand, it was reported that gold and silver may adversely affect the performance due to the presence of halogen atom resulting in the undesirable formation of their respective halides [175][176][177][178]. For those reasons, carbon-based electrode materials [graphite, carbon black, graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs)] for various device geometries (mesoscopic, planar, and quasi-planar) are given primary importance toward cheaper, stable and large-scale processable F-PSCs [174,179,180]. It is worth highlighting a few of the highly resilient, lowtemperature processable, conductive hybrid carbon-based printable electrodes that are equally comparable to F-PSCs [181,182].…”

All‐Inorganic CsPbI2Br Perovskite Solar Cells: Recent Developments and Challenges

“…2) The stability concerns are tackled using the ultrathick CE with a thickness of over 10 μm, which exceptionally diminishes the H 2 O/O 2 penetration that persuades halide corrosion and perovskite degradation. [ 182 ] 3) The overall cost of the device is effectively reduced with the use of low‐cost CEs. 4) The current conduction and hole extraction is efficiently enhanced, which increase the PCE of PSC.…”