Carbon emission study on the T-3M tokamak limiter made of different grades of graphite

Plasma boundary phenomena in tokamaks

“…In T-3M [462], the C III signal from the graphite limiter was found to change insignificantly when the limiter was biased to increase the ion impact energy. This observation would appear to imply that chemical sputtering was more important than physical sputtering, but, since oxygen signals were not recorded, the type of chemical sputtering (O or D/H) is not clear.…”