Carbon pay back period for solar and wind energy project installed in India: A critical review

Life Cycle Analysis of the Embodied Carbon Emissions from 14 Wind Turbines with Rated Powers between 50 Kw and 3.4 Mw

“…Marimuthu and Kirubakaran [30] found that a 1.65 MW turbine had a carbon intensity 165 times lower than coal, which meant the turbine could offset 2831 tCO 2 each year it operated.…”

“…This method can be used to compare what the effects would be of installing different types of electricity generation sources. Marimuthu and Kirubakaran [30] reported that a 1.65 MW turbine would generate 393,843 kg CO 2 over its 20-year lifespan. When compared to a coal-fired power plant, the turbine would only have to run for 51 days to generate carbon-neutral electricity [30].…”

“…Marimuthu and Kirubakaran [30] reported that a 1.65 MW turbine would generate 393,843 kg CO 2 over its 20-year lifespan. When compared to a coal-fired power plant, the turbine would only have to run for 51 days to generate carbon-neutral electricity [30]. The carbon payback period can also be calculated using the average emission content of all electricity sources for the area in which the turbines will be installed, rather than the emission content of a single technology source.…”

“…Equations for payback methods were based on methods of previous studies [5,9,30]. The total output of the turbine (O) in MWh was calculated (Equation 1) followed by the carbon intensity (I) in tCO 2 eq/MWh using Equation 2.…”

Development of a quantitative analysis system for greener and economically sustainable wind farms

“…While wind turbines do not produce many harmful emissions during their normal operation (Guezuraga and Zauner., 2012), nevertheless they can dispense with greenhouse gases (GHGs) at a rate of between 72% and 90% in their lifetime (Weisser., 2007) and especially in the manufacturing stage (Haapala and Prempreeda., 2014;Garrett and Rønde., 2013). For example, Marimuthu and Kirubakaran's (2013) finding concluded that a 1.65 MW wind turbine can emit as much as 394 t of CO 2 during its lifetime, therefore, by taking a broader view such as the number of wind turbines in a windfarm, collectively they do contribute to the release of a large amount of GHGs (Arent et al, 2011). For this reason, a system to facilitate wind farm design to reduce these negative environmental impacts while maintaining its potential to become economically sustainable, is necessary.…”