Carbonized Lysine-Nanogels Protect against Infectious Bronchitis Virus

Abstract

In this study, we demonstrate the synthesis of carbonized nanogels (CNGs) from an amino acid (lysine hydrochloride) using a simple pyrolysis method, resulting in effective viral inhibition properties against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). The viral inhibition of CNGs was studied using both in vitro (bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) and pseudorabies virus (PRV)) and in ovo (IBV) models, which indicated that the CNGs were able to prevent virus attachment on the cell membrane and penetration into the cell. A very low concentration of 30 μg mL−1 was found to be effective (>98% inhibition) in IBV-infected chicken embryos. The hatching rate and pathology of IBV-infected chicken embryos were greatly improved in the presence of CNGs. CNGs with distinctive virus-neutralizing activities show great potential as a virostatic agent to prevent the spread of avian viruses and to alleviate the pathology of infected avian species.

Blocking viral infections with lysine-based polymeric nanostructures: a critical review

“…For example, carbonized lysine-nanogels (CNG) have been successfully obtained by pyrolisis of l -lysine hydrochloride. 50 Differently from the reported hyperbranched polylysine, the synthesis does not require any catalyzer or co-precursor. The resulting nanoparticles, defined as nanogels, have been employed without purification and displayed a hydrodynamic diameter of 200 nm with a temperature-dependent morphology .…”

“…49 Used as an anti-TMV agent, ε-poly-L-lysine is, in fact, effective in reducing the infection by tobacco mosaic viruses. 50 Another test about the capability of polylysine to block the viral infection has been carried out on fibroblasts from hamster kidney (BHK 21 (Clone 13)) infected using the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2). 51 D-and poly-L-lysine of different molecular weights have been tested as antiviral agents by adding them to the cells 10 min before the addition of the virus (Fig.…”

“…49 Used as an anti-TMV agent, ε-poly- l -lysine is, in fact, effective in reducing the infection by tobacco mosaic viruses. 50…”

An Overview of the Potential of Food-Based Carbon Dots for Biomedical Applications

“…The assessment of embryotoxicity related to the application of food-based CDs has also been investigated. Traditionally, chicken embryos and zebrafish embryos are the most frequently used models for embryonic assessment [82,126,128,166,174]. For example, Chou et al [126] conducted a study to evaluate the biotoxicity of lysine-carbonized nanogels (Lys-CNGs) using specific-pathogen-free chicken embryos.…”

“…Traditionally, chicken embryos and zebrafish embryos are the most frequently used models for embryonic assessment [82,126,128,166,174]. For example, Chou et al [126] conducted a study to evaluate the biotoxicity of lysine-carbonized nanogels (Lys-CNGs) using specific-pathogen-free chicken embryos. The authors found that the administered dose of Lys-CNGs did not induce teratogenicity, vascular network formation, or organ structure development in chicken embryos.…”