Carboxylic acids: formation and removal in full‐scale plants

Gagnon, Graham A.; Booth, Stephen D.J.; Peldszus, Sigrid; Mutti, Dennis; Smith, Franklyn; Huck, Peter M.

doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1997.tb08279.x

Cited by 57 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Other major by-products identified in this study include three ketoacids (i.e., glyoxylic, pyruvic, and ketomalonic acids) and two carboxylic acids (i.e., formic and oxalic acids). These oxidation by-products are more biodegradable than their precursors, thus probably raising the risk of microbial regrowth in water distribution systems (Gagnon et al, 1997;Griffini et al, 1999;DiGiano et al, 2001). The yields of aldehydes and acetone after ozonation and catalytic ozonation of individual NOM fractions are summarized in Table 2.…”

Section: Oxidation By-productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative study of ozonation and synthetic goethite-catalyzed ozonation of individual NOM fractions isolated and fractionated from a filtered river water

Zhang

Lü

et al. 2008

Water Research

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HON) and hydrophilic acid and base (HIA and HIB) were four major NOM fractions isolated from a filtered river water; so ozonation and catalytic ozonation were carried out on these fractions. Results indicate that in comparison to ozonation alone, catalytic ozonation can enhance ozone consumption, UV 254 and DOC reduction, fragmentation of fraction components with MW43000 Da, and formation of oxalic acid for these fractions under normal reaction conditions commonly adopted in water treatment plants. In addition, catalytic ozonation can enhance aldehydes formation and increase the percentage of easy biodegradable organic carbon compared with ozonation alone for HIA and HIB, but exert much less effect on these items for HOA and HON.

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Section: Oxidation By-productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative study of ozonation and synthetic goethite-catalyzed ozonation of individual NOM fractions isolated and fractionated from a filtered river water

Zhang

Lü

et al. 2008

Water Research

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“…Gagnon et al (14) and Peldszus et al (15) did not include oxalates in their observation, while according to Kuo (13) and Kusakabe (19) oxalates belong to the main carboxylic by-products of the ozonation. The formation of aldehydes as well as the other ozonation by-products is important due to their biodegradability.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The main identified products of the ozonation of NOM are: formic acid, acetic acid (14,15) and oxalic acid (13) as well as several ketoacids such as: pyruvic, glyoxalic, ketomalonic (11,(13)(14)(15). Gagnon et al (14) and Peldszus et al (15) did not include oxalates in their observation, while according to Kuo (13) and Kusakabe (19) oxalates belong to the main carboxylic by-products of the ozonation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of Ozonation Conditions on Aldehyde and Carboxylic Acid Formation.

Nawrocki¹,

Świetlik²,

Raczyk-Stanisławiak³

et al. 2003

Ozone: Science & Engineering

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The influence of ozonation conditions (i.e. ozone dose and contact time) on the aldehyde and carboxylic acids formation was studied on a pilot scale. The data derived from changes in the molecular weight distribution of natural organic matter (NOM) and the concentration of residual ozone can be applied to a selection of the optimum ozonation conditions. The results confirm the relative ease with which ozone reacts with the organic matter. The short contact time (4-6 min) appeared to be sufficient for the reaction. The higher molecular weight (1600 D) fraction of NOM seems to be slightly more reactive to ozone than the lower molecular weight fraction (500 D). It was also observed that carboxylic acids had been formed at much higher quantities than aldehydes. Two differently acting groups of aldehydes were identified. The concentration of the first one (i.e. formaldehyde, acetaldehyde) strongly depends on ozone dose, while the concentration of the second group of aldehydes (i.e. glyoxal, methylglyoxal) seems to be relatively independent of the ozone dose.

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“…Several studies have shown that biofiltration can remove some DBP precursors and the associated chlorine demand as well as biodegradable organic carbon which includes products formed by ozonation in water such as aldehydes and carboxylic acids, among others (Chu et al 2012, Gagnon et al 1997, Krasner 2009, Speitel et al 1993, Weinberg et al 1993). This can be achieved because of the presence of biofilm (i.e., heterotrophic bacteria attached to a media) that utilizes biodegradable NOM as a carbon source for energy production .…”

Section: Aocmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing disinfection byproduct formation potential using ozonation and biological drinking water treatment

Vera¹,

Andrew²

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The occurrence of natural organic matter (NOM) in source waters presents a concern in water treatment plants due to formation of toxic disinfection byproducts (DBPs). In this doctoral thesis, the fate of NOM during ozonation, biofiltration, and chlorination was investigated to identify important aspects in these processes that can be manipulated for better DBP control. Specifically, this thesis studied (1) reaction mechanisms of ozone with dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), an important fraction of NOM that forms nitrogenous DBPs, (2) role of ozone and• OH-mediated attack on NOM and DBP formation during chlorination, and (3) impact of ozonation on biodegradability of DBP precursors.The reaction of ozone with DON (Chapter 4) was observed to produce various transformation products including nitrate (NO 3 -) and ammonium (NH 4 + residual after 24 h = 1 -2 mg/L) as follows: THM4 (37%), HAA8 (44%), CH (107%), HK2 (97%), HAN4 (33%), trichloroacetamide (TCAM, 43%), and AOX (27%), but a decrease in concentrations of THNM2 (43%). Coupling ozonation with biofiltration prior to chlorination effectively lowered the formation potentials of all DBPs including CH, HK2, and THNM2, all of which increased after ozonation. The dynamics of DBP formation potentials during BAC filtration at different EBCTs followed first-order reaction kinetics. Minimum steady-state concentrations were attained at an EBCT of 10 -20 min, depending on the DBP species. The rate of reduction in DBP formation potentials varied among individual species before reaching their minimum concentrations. CH, HK2, and THNM2 had the highest rate constants of between 0.5 and 0.6 min -1 followed by HAN4 (0.4 min -1 ), THM4 (0.3 min -1 ), HAA8 (0.2 min -1 ), and AOX (0.1 min -1 ). Relative to concentrations after ozonation, the reduction in formation potential for most DBPs (e.g., at 15 min EBCT) was less than 50% but was higher than 70% for CH, HK2, and THNM2. The formation of bromine-containing DBPs increased with increasing EBCT likely due to an increase in Br -/DOC ratio.-iv- Dr. Wolfgang Gernjak co-advised me during my PhD candidature and played an integral part in all the chapters of this thesis. He was involved in the initial conceptual thinking, to developing research ideas, identifying appropriate experimental design, and interpreting research data. He also provided critical reviews in all the manuscripts. Declaration by authorDr. Maria José Farré, who was my principal advisor in 2013, is recognized for sharing her expertise in disinfection byproduct research (i.e., from laboratory techniques, instrumentation, and theory). Our regular exchange of viewpoints were essential in the conception of research ideas and approaches related to DBPs. She was also highly involved in the writing and review of manuscripts.Prof. Urs von Gunten, who is a world-leading expert in application of ozone for water treatment, was my host professor during my research visit at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)where I performed the bulk of the experiments repor...

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Carboxylic acids: formation and removal in full‐scale plants

Cited by 57 publications

References 14 publications

Comparative study of ozonation and synthetic goethite-catalyzed ozonation of individual NOM fractions isolated and fractionated from a filtered river water

Comparative study of ozonation and synthetic goethite-catalyzed ozonation of individual NOM fractions isolated and fractionated from a filtered river water

Influence of Ozonation Conditions on Aldehyde and Carboxylic Acid Formation.

Reducing disinfection byproduct formation potential using ozonation and biological drinking water treatment

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