Carboxymethyl Cellulose Produced at Different Mercerization Conditions and Characterized by NIR FT Raman Spectroscopy in Combination with Multivariate Analytical Methods

Abstract

aCarboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is produced commercially in a two-stage process consisting of a mercerization stage followed by an etherification stage. In this work, extended mercerization stages were used when producing CMC from a spruce dissolving pulp. Near infra-red (NIR) Fourier transform (FT) Raman spectroscopy was used to analyse the molecular structures of the CMC and the gel fractions formed in the CMC preparation. Three different CMC groups were obtained, representing backbone structures of cellulose I, cellulose II, and amorphous cellulose. By applying principal component analyses (PCA) to the spectral data, two CMC classes were identified with different degrees of substitution (DS). Thus, a low degree of substitution was obtained in the CMC if the alkaline concentration in the mercerization stage was only 9.0%, and the backbone structure was cellulose I or II. However, if the alkaline concentration was higher (18.25% or 27.5%), then the degree of substitution in the CMC was also higher, and the backbone structure was more amorphous.

Characterization of Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose Aqueous Solutions to Support Complex Product Formulation: A Rheology and Light Scattering Study

“…It is produced from cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer on Earth, 1,2 by substituting some of its hydroxyl groups for carboxymethyl groups. [2][3][4] Because of its high availability as well as its thickening and swelling properties, Na CMC is widely used in numerous industries. 1,2,5 Application fields include food, pharmaceutical, home and personal-care products, as well paper industry, paint, water treatment and mineral processing.…”

“…[22][23][24] Given the biological origin of Na CMC, it typically has a high polydispersity of the chain length distribution 1,5,25,26 (common values of Mw/Mn are around 1.7-4.5 1,5,13,25,26 ). The crystallinity of the cellulose raw material, 3,25,27 and/or the amount and the distribution of the carboxymethyl groups along the chains. 3,19,[28][29][30] can also vary.…”

“…The crystallinity of the cellulose raw material, 3,25,27 and/or the amount and the distribution of the carboxymethyl groups along the chains. 3,19,[28][29][30] can also vary. Commercial Na CMCs typically have an average of 0.4-1.5 carboxymethyl groups per monomer, which is referred to as the absolute Degree of Substitution (DS).…”

Fabrication and 3D Patterning of Bio‐Composite Consisting of Carboxymethylated Cellulose Nanofibers and Cobalt Ferrite Nanoparticles

“…The interaction between CMCNF and CFO can be further understood from the Raman spectra obtained in the range of 1230 cm −1 to 1700 cm −1 (Figure c). The CMCNF film show Raman modes at ∼1323 and ∼1533 cm −1 assigned to CH deformation of CH 3 groups and COO − stretching vibration of carbonyl groups respectively . In this range, CFO powder sample also shows Raman modes at ∼1329 and ∼1579 cm −1 can be attributed to the second order of T 2g (3) and A 1g modes of CFO respectively .…”

Ultraviyole Flekso Mürekkeplerin Karboksimetil Selüloz ve Polivinil Alkol ile Kaplanmış Kartonların Basılabilirlikleri Üzerindeki Etkilerinin Karşılaştırılması

“…Bu özellik-lerinden dolayı özellikle temizlik kağıtların da, kağıt mendil ve diğer ince kağıtların üretiminde CMC yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. CMC, iğne yapraklı, geniş yapraklı ya da pamuktan elde edilmiş olan selülozların monoklor asetik asit ve sodyum hidroksit ile reaksiyona sokulması sonucu elde edilmektedir [10][11][12]. Kapalı formül: C6H9OCH2COONa Açık kimyasal formülü [13]:…”