Carcinogenic Effect of Biscuits Made of Flour Infested with &lt;i&gt;Tribolium castaneum&lt;/i&gt; in &lt;i&gt;Bufo regularis&lt;/i&gt;

El‐Mofty, M.M.; Sakr, Saber A.; Osman, S. I.; Toulan, B.A.

doi:10.1159/000226684

Cited by 26 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…El-Mofty et al [4,6,34] reported that, baking temperature did not reduce the carcinogenic effect of biscuits made from flour infested with T. castaneum beetles but the mutagenic effects on mice remains unclear after being contaminated flour had been cooked and consumed, and Tribolium spp. are the only storage pests producing carcinogenic and teratogenic contaminants.…”

Section: Effect Of T Castaneum Adult Emergence On Bqs (Sum Both Of Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Insect Densities Tribolium Castaneum on the Benzoquinone Secretions and Aflatoxins Levels in Wheat Flour During Storage Periods

El-Desouky¹,

El-Badawy²,

Hussain³

et al. 2018

TOBIOTJ

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Objectives: The present study was prepared to investigate the impact of insect density, adult emergence of Tribolium castaneum on the secretion of Benzoquinones (BQs) consist of methyl-1,4-benzoquinone(MBQ) and Ethyl-1,4-Benzoquinone (EBQ), and accumulation of Aflatoxins (AFs) in wheat flour stored at different periods. Methods: Forty grams of wheat flour were put into small glass jars (8 cm diameter and 12 cm length). Then T. castaneum was put in each jars at rates of 10, 20 and 30 unsexed pairs of insect adult. The jars were covered with muslin cloth and the rubber band was fixed to prevent insects to escape. A glass jar without any insects served as the control. The jars lifted on bench in the laboratory for two, three and four months of storage under laboratory temperature conditions (with average 28 ± 20C and 65±5 R.H). The previous design was replicated three times. At the end of each storage period, the jars containing the flour were sieved thoroughly by 40 wire mesh size to separate the insects. The insects have been counted on the other hand wheat flour was prepared to determine MBQ, EBQ and AFs by HPLC methods. Results: The results indicated the levels of EBQ higher than MBQ in all infested samples at all insect densities (No. of insect pairs). The concentrations of MBQ in wheat flour released by ten adult pairs (10P) with the three storage periods two, three and four months were 10.42 ± 0.56, 22.38 ± 3.67, 27.06 ± 6.71µg/g, respectively. These results increased with insect densities to (30p) were 39.67 ± 0.10, 63.58 ± 2.35 and 106.24 ± 7.4 µg/g after storage periods two, three and four months, respectively. In addition to the concentrations of EBQ with (10P) were 67.45 ± 3.64, 98.0 ± 6.1 204.66 ± 5.8 µg/g with storage periods two, three and four months, respectively. In case (30P) the levels of EBQ were 376.7 ± 0.87, 570.1 ± 2.11 and 1558.66 ± 10.88 (µg/g). The highest concentration of the BQs 1664.90 ± 11.43 (µg/g) released by T. castaneum achieved with the highest adult emergence (1021 insect adult) and the highest insect density (30p) at four months storage period. In general, AFs levels enhanced with a period of storage and insect densities. Conclusion: Levels of the BQs (MBQ and EBQ) increased with an increase of storage periods and insect densities. Therefore, the presence of this insect should be prevented in stored wheat flour reducing AFs contamination is possible by storage for short time and prohibit insects which causes an increase temperature of the flour and moisture, all of which promote production of AFs.

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Section: Effect Of T Castaneum Adult Emergence On Bqs (Sum Both Of Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Insect Densities Tribolium Castaneum on the Benzoquinone Secretions and Aflatoxins Levels in Wheat Flour During Storage Periods

El-Desouky¹,

El-Badawy²,

Hussain³

et al. 2018

TOBIOTJ

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“…In a follow-up study, El-Mofty et al (1989) investigated the effect of infested flour in biscuits fed to tadpoles and biscuit baking temperature on the carcinogenic properties of flour. Similarly to the previous experiment, tadpoles were divided into two groups.…”

Section: Carcinogenicity and Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

The carcinogenic effects of benzoquinones produced by the flour beetle

Lis¹,

Bakuła²,

Baranowski³

et al. 2011

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences

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Humans and animals come into contact with various compounds in their natural environment. Most of the encountered substances are neutral, yet some may carry adverse health effects. The ingested food may be a source of harmful substances, including benzoquinones which, as shown by research results cited in this paper, demonstrate toxic, carcinogenic and enterotoxic activity. This group of compounds is inclusive of 2-methyl-1,4-benzoquinone (MBQ) and 2-ethyl-1,4-benzoquinone (EBQ), defensive secretions of the confused flour beetle (Tribolium confusum J. du V) and the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum Herbst). Benzoquinones have a carcinogenic effect, they are inhibitors of growth of various microorganisms, they produce a self-defense mechanism in threat situations and affect population aggregation. As noted by the referenced authors, the properties of benzoquinones have not been fully researched to this date.

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“…6,7 The presence of uric acid is an indication of insect infestation and is reported as carcinogenic, which ultimately spoils the quality of flour. 8 In addition to contamination with body fragments and frass, flour is often exposed to quinones that the adult insects secrete as defensive mechanisms. 9 These quinones are responsible for an unpleasant odour and are known to induce liver and spleen tumours when tested in rats and other vertebrates.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of defect action level of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) fragments on quality of wheat flour

et al. 2021

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BACKGROUND Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) is one of the most important secondary storage pests of all types of flour and flour‐based products. The present study focuses on the fragment producing behaviour of T. castaneum in wheat flour during storage and its effect on the quality parameters and defect action level (DAL) of fragments. The US Food and Drug Administration has set a DAL of 75 insect fragments in 50 g of flour. Box–Behnken design was used to optimize the storage conditions (storage period in days and temperature in degrees Celsius) and insect density (numbers) to keep insect fragments below the DAL. RESULTS Optimization results indicated that the presence of single number of adult of T. castaneum is enough to cross the DAL of insect fragments within a storage period of 21 days at a storage temperature of 30 °C. Insect fragments cause perceptible changes in the quality of wheat flour. When sample attained DAL of T. castaneum fragments in wheat flour,the various quality parameters were analysed in that moisture content of wheat flour was 10.8 ± 0.26%, total colour change was 2.052 (ΔE value), T. castaneum progeny emergence was 19.66 ± 1, uric acid was 1.8 ± 0.16 g kg−1 and microbial count was 7.34 ± 0.5 cfu g−1. CONCLUSIONS Results from the present study indicate that the presence of even a single adult of stored pest in wheat flour should not be ignored. It is mandatory to determine the threshold level and frequent sampling is required to achieve zero tolerance of stored product insects in food commodities. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.

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Carcinogenic Effect of Biscuits Made of Flour Infested with <i>Tribolium castaneum</i> in <i>Bufo regularis</i>

Cited by 26 publications

References 5 publications

Impact of Insect Densities Tribolium Castaneum on the Benzoquinone Secretions and Aflatoxins Levels in Wheat Flour During Storage Periods

Impact of Insect Densities Tribolium Castaneum on the Benzoquinone Secretions and Aflatoxins Levels in Wheat Flour During Storage Periods

The carcinogenic effects of benzoquinones produced by the flour beetle

Effects of defect action level of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) fragments on quality of wheat flour

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